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The emission spectrum characteristics of some elements are plainly visible to the naked eye when these elements are heated. For example, when platinum wire is dipped into a sodium nitrate solution and then inserted into a flame, the sodium atoms emit an amber yellow color. Similarly, when indium is inserted into a flame, the flame becomes blue.
Solar spectrum with Fraunhofer lines as it appears visually. In 1802, English chemist William Hyde Wollaston [2] was the first person to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum. [3] In 1814, Joseph von Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began to systematically study and measure their wavelengths ...
This is the spectrum of a blue sky somewhat close to the horizon, looking east with the sun to the west at around 3–4 pm on a clear day. A spectral line is a weaker or stronger region in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum. It may result from emission or absorption of light in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby ...
A hot gas under low pressure emits a "bright-line" or emission-line spectrum. A continuous spectrum source viewed through a cool, low-density gas produces an absorption-line spectrum. In the 1860s the husband-and-wife team of William and Margaret Huggins used spectroscopy to determine that the stars were composed of the same elements as found ...
Emission spectrum for sodium, showing the D line. Sodium at standard temperature and pressure is a soft silvery metal that combines with oxygen in the air, forming sodium oxides. Bulk sodium is usually stored in oil or an inert gas. Sodium metal can be easily cut with a knife. It is a good conductor of electricity and heat.
These lines are usually found in the visible and ultraviolet portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The principal series has given the letter p to the p atomic orbital and subshell. [1] Grotrian diagram for sodium. The principal series is due to the 3s-np transitions shown here in red.
The sharp series limit is the same as the diffuse series limit. In the late 1800s these two were termed supplementary series. In 1896 Arthur Schuster stated his law: "If we subtract the frequency of the fundamental vibration from the convergence frequency of the principal series, we obtain the convergence frequency of the supplementary series". [5]
[7] [8] [6] Sodium is a common component or contaminant in many samples, [2] and its spectrum tends to dominate many flame tests others. [5] The test flame is often viewed through cobalt blue glass to filter out the yellow of sodium and allow for easier viewing of other metal ions. [citation needed]