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Ijtihad (/ ˌ ɪ dʒ t ə ˈ h ɑː d / IJ-tə-HAHD; [1] Arabic: اجتهاد ijtihād [ʔidʒ.tihaːd], lit. ' physical effort ' or ' mental effort ') [2] is an Islamic legal term referring to independent reasoning by an expert in Islamic law, [3] or the thorough exertion of a jurist's mental faculty in finding a solution to a legal question. [2]
Mafatih al-Ghayb (Arabic: مفاتيح الغيب, lit. 'Keys to the Unknown'), usually known as al-Tafsir al-Kabir (Arabic: التفسير الكبير, lit. 'The Large Commentary'), is a classical Islamic tafsir book, written by the twelfth-century Islamic theologian and philosopher Fakhruddin Razi (d.1210). [1]
The Umm al-Kitāb (Arabic: أمّ الکتاب, lit. 'Mother of the Book') is a syncretic Shi'i work originating in the ghulāt milieus of 8th-century Kufa (Iraq). It was later transplanted to Syria by the 10th-century Nusayris, whose final redaction of the work was preserved in a Persian translation produced by the Nizari Isma'ilis of Central Asia. [1]
The earliest and the most important work in this genre is undoubtedly Kitab asbab al-Nuzul ("Book of occasions of revelation") by Ali ibn Ahmad al-Wahidi (d. 1075 CE). Al-Wahidi mentions occasions of about 570 verses out of 6236 verses of the Quran.
In addition to his book Surat Al-Ard, he has another book entitled Kitab Saqalia, which is currently considered lost. [8] He also published an article on the history of the Jews and their festivals in Hyderabad in 1947. [9] The dearth of available sources has resulted in a number of discrepancies regarding his life and work.
Al-Suyuti said: “He (i.e. Ibn Katheer) has an exegesis that was not composed according to his style.”; Muhammad bin Ali Al-Shawkani said: “He has the famous exegesis, and it is in volumes, and it was collected in Va’i and transmitted the schools of thought, stories and traditions, and spoke the best and most authentic speech, and it is one of the best exegeses.
The original text of the Sīrat Rasūl Allāh by Ibn Ishaq did not survive. Yet it was one of the earliest substantial biographies of Muhammad. However, much of the original text was copied over into a work of his own by Ibn Hisham (Basra; Fustat, died 833 AD, 218 AH).
At-Tibyan Fi Tafsir al-Quran (Arabic: التبیان في تفسیر القرآن, romanized: at-Tibyān fī Tafsīr al-Qurān) is an exegesis of the Quran in ten volumes written by Shaykh Tusi.