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Pope Gregory IX (Latin: ... with the force of canonical law. ... and made new overtures of peace to the pope. The war of 1228–1230 is known as the War of the Keys. ...
The Decretals of Gregory IX (Latin: Decretales Gregorii IX), also collectively called the Liber extra, are a source of medieval Catholic canon law. In 1230, Pope Gregory IX ordered his chaplain and confessor, Raymond of Penyafort, a Dominican, to form a new canonical collection destined to replace the Decretum Gratiani, which was the chief ...
Woodcut of a medieval king investing a bishop with the symbols of office, Philip Van Ness Myers, 1905. The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest (German: Investiturstreit, pronounced [ɪnvɛstiˈtuːɐ̯ˌʃtʁaɪt] ⓘ) was a conflict between the Church and the state in medieval Europe over the ability to choose and install bishops (investiture) [1] and abbots of monasteries and the ...
When Pope Gregory IX started the War of the Keys against Emperor Frederick II in 1228, it was on the basis of a claim to control both swords. In any case, however, churchmen could not bear actual swords; the material swords was to be wielded by laymen, even if under papal authority.
Establishing cardinal-bishops as the sole electors of the pope. [2] 1079 Libertas ecclesiae ("The liberty of the Church") Gregory VII: About Church's independence from imperial authority and interference. 1079 Antiqua sanctorum patrum ("The old (traces of the) holy fathers") Granted the church of Lyon primacy over the churches of Gaul. 1095 ...
Gregory levied a second excommunication against Henry, who ultimately won the civil war, invaded Rome, and forced Gregory to flee, replacing him with Antipope Clement III. [12] In 1728, when Gregory was canonized by Pope Benedict XIII, the papal decree caused offence among European monarchs and its publication was banned by Emperor Charles VI.
Gregory's aim was to bring order and legality to the process of dealing with heresy, since there had been tendencies by mobs of townspeople to burn alleged heretics without much of a trial. In 1231 Pope Gregory IX appointed a number of Papal Inquisitors ( Inquisitores haereticae pravitatis ), mostly Dominicans and Franciscans , for the various ...
Pope Gregory sought to maintain this attitude during the following years, balancing the two parties of fairly equal strength, each trying to gain the upper hand by getting the pope on their side. In the end, his non-commitment largely lost the confidence of both parties.