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The skin (integument) is a composite organ, made up of at least two major layers of tissue: the epidermis and the dermis. [2] The epidermis is the outermost layer, providing the initial barrier to the external environment. It is separated from the dermis by the basement membrane (basal lamina and reticular lamina).
This structure is commonly called "dermal armor" and serves to protect the organism, while also helping with temperature regulation. Osteoderms represent hard tissue components of the integument, making them easy to identify in fossil examination. [2] This dermal armor is found prominently in many lizards.
The subcutaneous tissue (from Latin subcutaneous ' beneath the skin '), also called the hypodermis, hypoderm (from Greek ' beneath the skin '), subcutis, or superficial fascia, [2] is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. [3]
Discarded exoskeleton of dragonfly nymph Exoskeleton of cicada attached to a Tridax procumbens (colloquially known as the tridax daisy)An exoskeleton (from Greek έξω éxō "outer" [1] and σκελετός skeletós "skeleton" [2] [3]) is a skeleton that is on the exterior of an animal in the form of hardened integument, which both supports the body's shape and protects the internal organs ...
A skeleton is the structural frame that supports the body of most animals.There are several types of skeletons, including the exoskeleton, which is a rigid outer shell that holds up an organism's shape; the endoskeleton, a rigid internal frame to which the organs and soft tissues attach; and the hydroskeleton, a flexible internal structure supported by the hydrostatic pressure of body fluids.
Each of these three components will give rise to a particular complement of cells. The neural tube cells give rise to the central nervous system , neural crest cells give rise to the peripheral and enteric nervous system, melanocytes , and facial cartilage , and the epidermal region will give rise to the epidermis , hair , nails , sebaceous ...
The axial skeleton (80 bones) is formed by the vertebral column (32–34 bones; the number of the vertebrae differs from human to human as the lower 2 parts, sacral and coccygeal bone may vary in length), a part of the rib cage (12 pairs of ribs and the sternum), and the skull (22 bones and 7 associated bones).
To better understand the structure of avian skin, avian skin has been broken down into three different functional components: hydraulic skeleto-muscular apparatus of the feathers This functional component consists of the only of the structural features of the feather tracts, namely the cutis , and connective tissue layer fascia superficialis.