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Unlike the Wolff–Chaikoff effect, the Plummer effect does not prevent the thyroid from taking up radioactive iodine, e.g. in the case of nuclear emergencies.Therefore, "plummering" with high-dose iodine is only effective in a short time window after the release of radionuclides. [9]
Thyroid hormones act on nearly every cell in the body. They act to increase the basal metabolic rate, affect protein synthesis, help regulate long bone growth (synergy with growth hormone) and neural maturation, and increase the body's sensitivity to catecholamines (such as adrenaline) by permissiveness. [12]
The final step in thyroxine synthesis involves the free radical mediated coupling of two DIT residues, catalyzed by TPO, to form T 4 while still attached to the Tg backbone. [5] [6] When thyroid hormone is needed, Tg is internalized by thyrocytes, and proteolytic enzymes in lysosomes cleave the T 4 from Tg, allowing for its release into the ...
The active forms of thyroid hormone (T3 and T4), are then released into circulation where they are either unbound or attached to plasma proteins. [10] Iodine is recycled back into the follicular lumen where it can continue to serve as a substrate for thyroid hormone synthesis, while the non-modified residues of Tg reenter cellular metabolic ...
Thyroid hormone synthesis. [2]Follicular cells take up iodide and amino acids from the blood circulation on the basolateral side, synthesize thyroglobulin and thyroperoxidase from amino acids and secrete these into the thyroid follicles together with iodide.
Organification is a biochemical process that takes place in the thyroid gland. It is the incorporation of iodine into thyroglobulin for the production of thyroid hormone, a step done after the oxidation of iodide by the enzyme thyroid peroxidase (TPO) [1] Since iodine is an inorganic compound, and is being attached to thyroglobulin, a protein, the process is termed as "organification of iodine".
DIT is a modulator of the enzyme thyroid peroxidase (which is involved in the production of thyroid hormones). [1] Triiodothyronine is formed, when diiodotyrosine is combined with monoiodotyrosine (in the colloid of the thyroid follicle). Two molecules of DIT combine to make the thyroid hormone thyroxine ('T4' and 'T3').
These iodinated tyrosines are produced during thyroid hormone biosynthesis. [6] The iodide that is scavenged by iodotyrosine deiodinase is necessary to again synthesize the thyroid hormones. [7] After synthesis, the thyroid hormones circulate through the body to regulate metabolic rate, protein expression, and body temperature. [8]