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Confounding variables may also be categorised according to their source. The choice of measurement instrument (operational confound), situational characteristics (procedural confound), or inter-individual differences (person confound). An operational confounding can occur in both experimental and non-experimental research designs. This type of ...
[12] [3] In the research sphere, off-target effects can confound variables in biological studies leading to potentially misleading and non-reproducible results. [2] In the clinical sphere, the major concerns surround the disruption of vital coding regions leading to genotoxic effects such as cancer. [13]
HPV is the most common virus that infects the reproductive tract. Infection can lead to the development of cervical cancer in women. Viral infection is a major risk factor for cervical and liver cancer. [61] A virus that can cause cancer is called an oncovirus.
Considering confounding factors and bias. [8] Using Hill’s criteria as a guide, but not considering them to give definitive conclusions. [9] Separating causal association and interventions, because interventions in public health are more complex than can be evaluated by use of Hill’s criteria [10]
Probes can also have species-specific binding affinities that can confound comparative analysis. Notably, the association between behavioural patterns and high penetrance single gene loci falls under the purview of neurogenetics research, wherein the focus is to identify a simple causative relationship between a single, high penetrance gene and ...
The ability to invade surrounding tissue and metastasise is a hallmark of cancer.. The hallmarks of cancer were originally six biological capabilities acquired during the multistep development of human tumors and have since been increased to eight capabilities and two enabling capabilities.
The Annual Review of Cancer Biology was first published in 2017, making it the 47th journal title published by Annual Reviews. [5] The stated goals of the journal were to cover the biology of tumor cells, the interaction between the tumor cells and host cells, cancer genomes, drugs for treating cancer, and the resistance of cancer to certain drugs. [6]
AKT can have a number of downstream effects such as activating CREB, [2] inhibiting p27, [3] localizing FOXO in the cytoplasm, [3] activating PtdIns-3ps, [4] and activating mTOR [3] which can affect transcription of p70 or 4EBP1. [3] There are many known factors that enhance the PI3K/AKT pathway including EGF, [5] shh, [2] IGF-1, [2] insulin ...