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Protoplasm (/ ˈ p r oʊ t ə ˌ p l æ z əm /; [1] [2] pl. protoplasms) [3] is the part of a cell that is surrounded by a plasma membrane. It is a mixture of small molecules such as ions, monosaccharides , amino acids, and macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, etc.
Protoplasts of cells from a petunia's leaf Protoplasts of the moss Physcomitrella patens. Protoplast (from Ancient Greek πρωτόπλαστος (prōtóplastos) 'first-formed'), is a biological term coined by Hanstein in 1880 to refer to the entire cell, excluding the cell wall.
The term was introduced by Rudolf von Kölliker in 1863, originally as a synonym for protoplasm, but later it has come to mean the cell substance and organelles outside the nucleus. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] There has been certain disagreement on the definition of cytoplasm, as some authors prefer to exclude from it some organelles, especially the vacuoles ...
Haeckel had theorized about Urschleim ("primordial slime"), a protoplasm from which all life had originated. Huxley thought Bathybius could be that protoplasm, a missing link (in modern terms) between inorganic matter and organic life. Huxley published a description of Bathybius that year [1] and also wrote to Haeckel to tell him about it ...
Abrahamic mythology. Adam and Eve; Noah; Adam Kadmon (esoteric); Adam kasia ("hidden Adam") and Adam pagria ("bodily Adam") (esoteric), in Mandaeism; Lilith (esoteric); Australian Aboriginal mythology
Purkyně also introduced the scientific terms plasma (for the component of blood left when the suspended cells have been removed) and protoplasm (the substance found inside cells.) [4] Purkyně was the first to use a microtome to make thin slices of tissue for microscopic examination and was among the first to use an improved version of the ...
In 1938, Fischer and Suer proposed that water in the protoplasm is not free but in a chemically combined form—the protoplasm represents a combination of protein, salt and water—and demonstrated the basic similarity between swelling in living tissues and the swelling of gelatin and fibrin gels. Dimitri Nasonov (1944) viewed proteins as the ...
Within each protoplasmic strand, the cytoplasmic contents rapidly stream, periodically reversing direction. The streaming protoplasm within a plasmodial strand can reach speeds of up to 1.35 mm per second in Physarum polycephalum, the fastest for any microorganism. [43] Life cycle of a plasmodial slime mold.