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The history of the Quran, the holy book of Islam, is the timeline ranging from the inception of the Quran during the lifetime of Muhammad (believed to have received the Quran through revelation between 610 and 632 CE [1]), to the emergence, transmission, and canonization of its written copies.
The Quran, [c] also romanized Qur'an or Koran, [d] is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God . It is organized in 114 chapters ( surah , pl. suwer ) which consist of individual verses ( āyah ).
It is among the most famous works of Islamic calligraphy, [37] and has been called "one of the most extraordinary luxury manuscripts ever created." [38] Because the manuscript was done in Kufic style writing, it is quite hard to read. "The letters have been manipulated to make each line the same length, and the marks necessary to distinguish ...
The Origins of The Koran: Classic Essays on Islam’s Holy Book is a 1998 book edited by Ibn Warraq.
Evolution of early Arabic script (9th–11th century), with the Basmala as an example, from kufic Qur'ān manuscripts: (1) Early 9th century, script with no dots or diacritic marks;(2) and (3) 9th–10th century under the Abbasid dynasty, Abu al-Aswad's system established red dots with each arrangement or position indicating a different short ...
To amplify oration and make recitation easier, illuminators created a decorative vocabulary. At first, the illuminators differentiated each surah by pairing it with a unique geometric band. [8] Subsequently, a more complex system was put in place in order to organize the Qur'an's contents and help individuals read and recite the text.
The Quran was canonized only after Muhammad's death in 632 CE. According to Islamic tradition the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 23/644–35 AH/655 CE) established the canonical Qur'an, reportedly starting the process in 644 CE, [6] and completing the work around 650 CE (the exact date was not recorded by early Arab annalists). [7]
He claimed that the Quran had a code-system based on the number 19 which proved it's divinity. Samina Ali (born at an unknown date in the late 20th century), Indian-American author and activist. [134] Hassan al-Maliki (born 1970), a Saudi Arabian writer, Islamic historian and Islamic scholar. [85] [86]