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The fern Azolla forms a symbiotic relationship with the cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae, which fixes atmospheric nitrogen, giving the plant access to this essential nutrient. This has led to the plant being dubbed a "super-plant", as it can readily colonise areas of freshwater, and grow at great speed - doubling its biomass in as little as 1.9 ...
A notable symbiotic relationship is that of Anabaena azollae [a] cyanobacteria with Azolla plants. Anabaena reside on the stems and within leaves of Azolla plants. [8] The Azolla plant undergoes photosynthesis and provides fixed carbon for the Anabaena to use as an energy source for dinitrogenases in the heterocyst cells. [8]
Azolla filiculoides root cross section Azolla covering the Canning River, Western Australia Azolla is a highly productive plant . It can double its biomass in as little as 1.9 days, [ 13 ] depending on growing conditions, and yield can reach 8–10 tonnes fresh matter/ha in Asian rice fields. 37.8 t fresh weight/ha (2.78 t/ha dry weight) has ...
Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria have symbiotic relationships with plants, especially legumes, mosses and aquatic ferns such as Azolla. [4] Looser non-symbiotic relationships between diazotrophs and plants are often referred to as associative, as seen in nitrogen fixation on rice roots. Nitrogen fixation occurs between some termites and fungi. [5]
Cyanobionts play a variety of roles in their symbiotic relationships with the host organism. [2] [4] [5] They function primarily as nitrogen- and carbon-fixers.However, they can also be involved in metabolite exchange, as well as in provision of UV protection to their symbiotic partners, since some can produce nitrogen-containing compounds with sunscreen-like properties, such as scytonemin and ...
Free-living dinoflagellates are ingested into the gastrodermal cells of the host, and their symbiosome membrane is derived from the host cell. [24] The process of symbiosome formation is often seen in the animal host to be that of phagocytosis , [ 24 ] and it is hypothesised that the symbiosome is a phagosome that has been subject to early arrest.
In evolutionary biology, mycorrhizal symbiosis has prompted inquiries into the possibility that symbiosis, not competition, is the main driver of evolution. [ 5 ] Referencing an analogous function served by the World Wide Web in human communities, the many roles that mycorrhizal networks appear to play in woodland have earned them a colloquial ...
Free-living cyanobacteria are present in the water of rice paddies, and cyanobacteria can be found growing as epiphytes on the surfaces of the green alga, Chara, where they may fix nitrogen. [65] Cyanobacteria such as Anabaena (a symbiont of the aquatic fern Azolla) can provide rice plantations with biofertilizer. [66]