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Murray Gell-Mann Video Interview with the Academy of Achievement Archived May 27, 2020, at the Wayback Machine in 1990; Murray Gell-Mann talks quarks (Video) Membership Archived March 8, 2021, at the Wayback Machine at the Council on Foreign Relations; Murray Gell-Mann on Nobelprize.org
The model was independently proposed by physicists Murray Gell-Mann, [1] who dubbed them "quarks" in a concise paper, and George Zweig, [2] [3] who suggested "aces" in a longer manuscript. André Petermann also touched upon the central ideas from 1963 to 1965, without as much quantitative substantiation.
Both the American physicist Murray Gell-Mann and the Israeli physicist Yuval Ne'eman independently and simultaneously proposed the idea in 1961. [1] [2] [a] The name comes from Gell-Mann's (1961) paper and is an allusion to the Noble Eightfold Path of Buddhism. [3]
In 1961, Murray Gell-Mann introduced the Eightfold Way as a pattern to group baryons and mesons. [11] In 1964, Gell-Mann and George Zweig independently proposed that all hadrons are composed of elementary constituents, which Gell-Mann called "quarks". [12] Initially, only the up quark, the down quark, and the strange quark were proposed. [13]
Color charge is a property of quarks and gluons that is related to the particles' strong interactions in the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Like electric charge, it determines how quarks and gluons interact through the strong force; however, rather than there being only positive and negative charges, there are three "charges", commonly called red, green, and blue.
Gell-Mann and George Zweig, correcting an earlier approach of Shoichi Sakata, went on to propose in 1963 that the structure of the groups could be explained by the existence of three flavors of smaller particles inside the hadrons: the quarks. Gell-Mann also briefly discussed a field theory model in which quarks interact with gluons. [12] [13]
This quantum number was introduced by Murray Gell-Mann. This definition gives the strange quark a strangeness of −1 for the above-mentioned reason. Charm (C): Defined as C = n c − n c̅, where n c represents the number of charm quarks (c) and n c̅ represents the number of charm antiquarks. The charm quark's value is +1.
While studying these decays, Murray Gell-Mann (in 1953) [4] [5] and Kazuhiko Nishijima (in 1955) [6] developed the concept of strangeness (which Nishijima called eta-charge, after the eta meson (η)) to explain the "strangeness" of the longer-lived particles. The Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula is the result of these efforts to understand strange ...