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Spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including communications, Earth observation, meteorology, navigation, space colonization, planetary exploration, and transportation of humans and cargo. All spacecraft except single-stage-to-orbit vehicles cannot get into space on their own, and require a launch vehicle (carrier rocket).
Spacecraft propulsion [note 1] is any method used to accelerate spacecraft and artificial satellites. Orbital launch systems are rockets and other systems capable of placing payloads into or beyond Earth orbit. All launch vehicle propulsion systems employed to date have been chemical rockets falling into one of three main categories:
The Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets is a bi-monthly (six issues per year) peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. It covers the science and technology of spaceflight, satellite and mission design, missile design, and rockets.
A Soyuz-FG rocket launches from "Gagarin's Start" (Site 1/5), Baikonur Cosmodrome. A rocket (from Italian: rocchetto, lit. ''bobbin/spool'', and so named for its shape) [nb 1] [1] is a vehicle that uses jet propulsion to accelerate without using any surrounding air. A rocket engine produces thrust by reaction to exhaust expelled at high speed. [2]
There have been two spacecraft losses resulting in the deaths of four cosmonauts, Soyuz 1 and Soyuz 11. Soyuz is the only spacecraft to have successfully saved the lives of a crew using the rocket launch escape system, when in 1983 Soyuz T-10-1 exploded on the launchpad. This spacecraft type has flown into space more times than any other ...
Rocket 3 (2020–2022) LauncherOne (2020–2023) Firefly Alpha (2021–present) Space Launch System (2022–present) RS1 (2023–present) Terran 1 (2023) SpaceX Starship (2023–present) Vulcan Centaur (2024–present) New Glenn (2025-present) Rocket 4 (Under development, expected 2025) Neutron (Under development, expected 2025)
Apollo spacecraft-to-LM adapter. The spacecraft–LM adapter (SLA), built by North American Aviation (Rockwell), was a conical aluminum structure that connected the service module to the Saturn S-IVB rocket stage. It also protected the LM, the service propulsion system engine nozzle, and the launch-vehicle-to-service-module umbilical during ...
The bodies of both rocket stages are made from stainless steel [21] and are manufactured by stacking and welding stainless steel cylinders. [22] These cylinders have a height of 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in), a thickness of 4 mm (0.16 in) and a mass of 1,600 kg (3,500 lb) each. [22] Domes inside the spacecraft separate the methane and oxygen tanks. [22]