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The Apollo Lunar Module (LM / ˈ l ɛ m /), originally designated the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM), was the lunar lander spacecraft that was flown between lunar orbit and the Moon's surface during the United States' Apollo program. It was the first crewed spacecraft to operate exclusively in the airless vacuum of space, and remains the only ...
Used to denote individual Buran-class orbiters (e.g. OK-GLI). OPS Orbital Piloted Station [4] Used to denote individual Almaz stations (e.g. OPS-3). OV Orbiter Vehicle Used to denote individual Space Shuttle orbiters (e.g. OV-102 Columbia). OTV Orbital Test Vehicle Used to denote X-37B vehicles and missions (e.g. OTV-1). RSS Reusable Space Ship
[4] NASA also launched missions to Mercury in 2004, with the MESSENGER probe demonstrating as the first use of a solar sail. [22] NASA also launched probes to the outer Solar System starting in the 1960s. Pioneer 10 was the first probe to the outer planets, flying by Jupiter, while Pioneer 11 provided the first close up view of the planet. Both ...
Kelly was promoted to lead the design team for the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM). He was in charge of more than 7,000 employees in design and building the Lunar Module. Kelly's group came up with the idea of a two-stage spacecraft (ascent & descent stage), that would take two astronauts to the Moon's surface while a third astronaut would stay in ...
Brownian excursion, a concept in the theory of stochastic processes; Critical excursion, or criticality accident, a topic in nuclear physics; Diaphragmatic excursion, the movement of the thoracic diaphragm during breathing; Geomagnetic excursion, a change in the Earth's magnetic field; Excursion (audio), the linear movement range of a speaker
Astronaut Candidate is the rank of those training to be NASA astronauts. Upon graduation from training, candidates are promoted to Astronaut and receive their Astronaut Pin . The pin is issued in two grades, silver and gold, with the silver pin awarded to candidates who have successfully completed astronaut training and the gold pin to ...
For EVAs from the International Space Station, NASA employed a camp-out procedure to reduce the risk of decompression sickness. [34] This was first tested by the Expedition 12 crew. During a camp-out, astronauts sleep overnight in the airlock prior to an EVA, lowering the air pressure to 10.2 psi (70 kPa), compared to the normal station ...
When NASA awarded the initial Apollo contract to North American Aviation on November 28, 1961, it was still assumed the lunar landing would be achieved by direct ascent rather than by lunar orbit rendezvous. [4] Therefore, design proceeded without a means of docking the command module to a lunar excursion module (LEM). But the change to lunar ...