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In genotyping studies where DNA is directly assayed for positions of variance (see SNP), concordance is a measure of the percentage of SNPs that are measured as identical. . Samples from the same individual or identical twins theoretically have a concordance of 100%, but due to assaying errors and somatic mutations, they are usually found in the range of 99% to 99.
The use of twins can improve the statistical power of a genetic study by reducing the amount of genetic and/or environmental variability. [1] " Identical twins" (monozygotic (MZ) twins) share virtually all their genes with each other, and "fraternal twins" (dizygotic (DZ) twins), on average, share about 50% of their genes with each other (about the same amount of sharing as non-twin siblings).
Dizygotic (fraternal) twins can be caused by a hyperovulation gene in the mother. [8] Although the father's genes do not influence the woman's chances of having twins, he could influence his children's chances of having twins by passing on a copy of the hyperovulation gene to them. Monozygotic (identical) twins do not run in families.
The fraternal birth order effect has been described by one of its proponents as "the most consistent biodemographic correlate of sexual orientation in men". [5] In 1958, it was reported that homosexual men tend to have a greater number of older siblings (i.e., a 'later/higher birth order') than comparable heterosexual men and in 1962, these findings were published in detail. [6]
Normally, fraternal twins or multiples come from separate eggs fertilized by different sperm. However, identical siblings come from the same egg, which splits into two or more embryos. Typically ...
The Hayes also have two sets of twins, Kevin and Kyle (eight years old at the time of the sextuplets' birth) and Kieran and Meghan (five years old). They are the only family in the United States to have two sets of twins and a set of sextuplets. [93] The family was the subject of a reality television show, Table for 12, on TLC in the U.S. [94]
In 2019, a Chinese woman was reported to have two babies from different fathers, one of whom was her husband and the other was a man having a secret affair with her during the same time. [12] In 2022, a 19-year-old Brazilian from Mineiros gave birth to twins from two different fathers with whom she had sex on the same day. [13]
José’s death comes as the couple — whose whirlwind romance was quickly followed by the birth of their twins in the summer of 2023 — were settling into their newfound family life.