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  2. Atatürk's reforms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atatürk's_reforms

    Historically, Atatürk's reforms follow the Tanzimât ("reorganization") period of the Ottoman Empire, that began in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876, [4] Abdul Hamid II's authoritarian regime from 1878 to 1908 that introduced large reforms in education and the bureaucracy, as well as the Ottoman Empire's experience in ...

  3. Tanzimat - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat

    The Tanzimat [a] (Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات, Turkish: Tanzimat, lit.'Reorganization') was a period of liberal reforms in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Gülhane Edict of 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876.

  4. Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire

    The Ottoman Empire [l] (/ ˈ ɒ t ə m ə n / ⓘ), also called the Turkish Empire, [24] [25] was an imperial realm [m] that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

  5. Ottoman Land Code of 1858 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Land_Code_of_1858

    The Ottoman Land Code of 1858 (recorded as 1274 in the Islamic calendar) [1] was the beginning of a systematic land reform programme during the Tanzimat (reform) period of the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the 19th century. This was followed by the 1873 land emancipation act.

  6. Cedid Atlas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedid_Atlas

    The Cedid Atlas is the first modern atlas in the Muslim world, printed and published in 1803 in Constantinople, then the capital of the Ottoman Empire. [1] [2] [3] The full title name of the atlas reads as Cedid Atlas Tercümesi (meaning, literally, "A Translation of a New Atlas") and in most libraries outside Turkey, it is recorded and referenced accordingly.

  7. Nizam-i Cedid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam-I_Cedid

    The Nizam-i Cedid (Ottoman Turkish: نظام جديد, romanized: Niẓām-ı Cedīd, lit. 'new order') was a series of reforms carried out by Ottoman Sultan Selim III during the late 18th and the early 19th centuries in a drive to catch up militarily and politically with the Western powers.

  8. Constitutional history of Turkey - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_history_of...

    This document was a proclamation by Abdulmejid I which reorganised the Ottoman Empire and introduced various reforms. 1856: Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856 that complemented and reinforced the Imperial Edict of Reorganisation. It promised equality of access to education, government appointments, military service, and administration of justice to ...

  9. Liberalism in Turkey - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey

    The reforms encouraged Ottomanism among the diverse ethnic groups of the Empire and attempted to curb the rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire. This led to the Armenian National Constitution in 1863 [ 1 ] and subsequently the Ottoman constitution of 1876 which was advocated for by the Young Ottomans .