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Shared morphology: case suffixes such as genitive-n, partitive-(t)a / -(t) ... Birch bark letter no. 292 is the oldest known document in any Finnic language.
The Finnish language is spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns elsewhere. Unlike the Indo-European languages spoken in neighbouring countries, such as Swedish and Norwegian, which are North Germanic languages, or Russian, which is a Slavic language, Finnish is a Uralic language of the Finnic languages group.
The Finnic languages are located at the western end of the Uralic language family. A close affinity to their northern neighbors, the Sámi languages , has long been assumed, though many of the similarities (particularly lexical ones) can be shown to result from common influence from Germanic languages and, to a lesser extent, Baltic languages .
The common ancestor of Finnic and Samic is traditionally known as Early Proto-Finnic (Finnish: varhaiskantasuomi). [6] Its phonology and morphology can be reconstructed in great detail. However, this reconstruction turns out to be nearly identical to assumed preceding stages such as Proto-Finno-Volgaic, Proto- Finno-Ugric , and even Proto ...
Swedish is the main language of 5.2% of the population in 2022 [3] (92.4% in the Åland autonomous province), down from 14% at the beginning of the 20th century. In 2012, 44% of Finnish citizens with another registered primary language than Swedish could hold a conversation in this language. [4]
This is a rarely used case, especially in the spoken language. The meaning is companionship: "in the company of" or affiliation: "together with", but stressing less importance than the main character. Talo kirjoineen = "The house with its books" or "book" Presidentti saapui kauniine vaimoineen = "The president arrived with his beautiful wife ...
Since that time new doubled mid vowels have come to the language from various sources. Among the phonological processes operating in Finnish dialects are diphthongization and diphthong reduction. For example, Savo Finnish has the phonemic contrast of /ɑ/ vs. /uɑ̯/ vs. /ɑɑ/ instead of standard language contrast of /ɑ/ vs. /ɑɑ/ vs. /ɑu̯/.
Vowel harmony is found in most of the Finnic languages. It has been lost in Livonian and in Standard Estonian, where the front vowels ü ä ö occur only in the first (stressed) syllable. South Estonian Võro (and Seto) language as well as some [North] Estonian dialects, however, retain vowel harmony.