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The laurel wreaths of a triumphator were often worn by imperial portraits, as were radiate crowns. [21] According to Pliny the Elder, the Arval Brethren, an ancient Roman priesthood, were accustomed to wear a wreath of grain sheaves. [22] Crowns and wreaths were associated by early Christians with Roman paganism and Hellenistic religion. [21]
A laurel wreath is a symbol of triumph, a wreath made of connected branches and leaves of the bay laurel (Laurus nobilis), an aromatic broadleaf evergreen. It was also later made from spineless butcher's broom ( Ruscus hypoglossum ) or cherry laurel ( Prunus laurocerasus ).
In the Roman navy, the naval crown (Latin: corona navalis, corona classica, or corona rostrata) was a wreath awarded for feats in naval battles. [5] In an assault on a fortified position, a mural crown (Latin: corona muralis ) was awarded to the first man onto the walls of the enemy fortification.
Roman magistrates also wore golden wreaths as crowns, as a symbolic testament to their lineage back to Rome's early Etruscan rulers. Roman magistrates also used several other prominent Etruscan symbols in addition to a golden wreath crown: fasces , a curule chair, a purple toga , and an ivory rod.
The Roman triumph was a civil ceremony and religious rite of ancient Rome, held to publicly celebrate and sanctify the success of a military commander who had led Roman forces to victory in the service of the state or, in some historical traditions, one who had successfully completed a foreign war.
The Civic Crown (Latin: corona civica) was a military decoration during the Roman Republic and the subsequent Roman Empire, given to Romans who saved the lives of fellow citizens. It was regarded as the second highest decoration to which a citizen could aspire (the Grass Crown being held in higher regard).
The Chi-Rho with a wreath symbolizing the victory of the Resurrection, above Roman soldiers, c. 350. Chi-Rho on a 4th-century altar , Khirbet Um El’Amad, Algeria . Roman Chi Rho applique in bronze from a Germanic settlement in Neerharen (Belgium), 375-450 AD, Gallo-Roman Museum (Tongeren)
The highest and rarest of all military decorations in the Roman Republic and early Roman Empire was the Grass Crown (Latin: corona graminea) . [8] It was presented only to a general, commander, or officer whose actions saved a legion or the entire army. Examples of this would be a general who broke the blockade around beleaguered Roman troops.