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  2. Edict of Gülhane - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Gülhane

    It promised reforms such as the abolition of tax farming, reform of conscription, and guarantee of rights to all Ottoman citizens regardless of religion or ethnic group. [2] The goal of the decree was to help modernize the empire militarily and socially so that it could compete with the Great Powers of Europe .

  3. Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Reform_Edict_of_1856

    Ottoman constitution of 1876 French translation of the edict, in Législation ottomane Volume 2, written by François Belin. The Imperial Reform Edict (Ottoman Turkish: اصلاحات خط همايونى, Islâhat Hatt-ı Hümâyûnu; Modern Turkish: Islâhat Fermânı) [1] was a February 18, 1856 edict of the Ottoman government and part of the Tanzimat reforms.

  4. Ottoman Land Code of 1858 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Land_Code_of_1858

    The Ottoman Land Code of 1858 (recorded as 1274 in the Islamic calendar) [1] was the beginning of a systematic land reform programme during the Tanzimat (reform) period of the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the 19th century. This was followed by the 1873 land emancipation act.

  5. Tanzimat - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat

    The Tanzimat [a] (Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات, Turkish: Tanzimat, lit.'Reorganization') was a period of liberal reforms in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Gülhane Edict of 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876.

  6. Law of the Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_Ottoman_Empire

    The Ottoman state tended not to interfere with non-Muslim religious law systems, despite legally having a voice to do so through local governors. The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Kadı, or judge. However, the Ottoman court system lacked an ...

  7. Constitutional history of Turkey - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_history_of...

    This document was a proclamation by Abdulmejid I which reorganised the Ottoman Empire and introduced various reforms. 1856: Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856 that complemented and reinforced the Imperial Edict of Reorganisation. It promised equality of access to education, government appointments, military service, and administration of justice to ...

  8. Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_and_modernization...

    Romania achieved full independence, but had to turn over part of Bessarabia to Russia. Serbia and Montenegro finally gained complete independence, but with smaller territories. In 1878, Austria-Hungary unilaterally occupied the Ottoman provinces of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Novi Pazar , but the Ottoman government contested this move and maintained ...

  9. Nizam-i Cedid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam-I_Cedid

    The Nizam-i Cedid (Ottoman Turkish: نظام جديد, romanized: Niẓām-ı Cedīd, lit. 'new order') was a series of reforms carried out by Ottoman Sultan Selim III during the late 18th and the early 19th centuries in a drive to catch up militarily and politically with the Western powers.