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For carminite the orientation is X = c, Y = a and Z = b [6] [7] and the refractive indices are high, with n α = 2.070, n β = 2.070, n γ = 2.080, only a little less than diamond at 2.4. [7] [11] The maximum birefringence δ is the difference between the highest and lowest refractive index; for carminite δ = 0.010.
The System 80+ was developed into the Korean OPR-1000 and later APR-1400, [3] and contributed design features to the AP1000. [4] The NRC has certified the System 80+ for the U.S. market, but Westinghouse ceased actively promoting the design for domestic sale, prior to their bankruptcy. [5]
Attainable region (AR) theory is a branch of chemical engineering, specifically chemical reaction engineering, that uses geometric and mathematical optimization concepts to assist in the design of networks of chemical reactors. AR theory is a method to help define the best reactor flowsheet using graphical techniques for a desired duty or ...
The design also allowed pulsing capabilities of up to 2000 MW. This pulse power level can be varied, and pulse length is approximately 250 ms. In 1986 the license for the reactor was renewed for another 20 years. In 2009 the license for the reactor was renewed for another 20 years.
The Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant (柏崎刈羽原子力発電所, Kashiwazaki-Kariwa genshiryoku-hatsudensho, Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPP) is a large, modern (housing the world's first advanced boiling water reactor or ABWR) nuclear power plant on a 4.2-square-kilometer (1,000-acre) site. [1]
However, tritium retention in silicon carbide plasma-facing components is about 1.5-2 times higher than in graphite, leading to reduced fuel efficiency and increased safety risks in fusion reactors. SiC traps more tritium, limiting its availability for fusion and increasing the potential for hazardous buildup, which complicates tritium management.
According to the patent application [5] the reactor design has some notable characteristics, that sets it apart from other reactor designs. It uses uranium hydride (UH 3) "low-enriched" to 5% uranium-235—the remainder is uranium-238—as the nuclear fuel, rather than the usual metallic uranium or uranium dioxide that composes the fuel rods of contemporary light-water reactors.
Chemical reactor materials selection is an important aspect in the design of a chemical reactor. There are four main groups of chemical reactors - CSTR, PFR, semi-batch, and catalytic - with variations on each. Depending on the nature of the chemicals involved in the reaction, as well as the operating conditions (e.g. temperature and pressure ...