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The greenhouse effect occurs when greenhouse gases in a planet's atmosphere insulate the planet from losing heat to space, raising its surface temperature. Surface heating can happen from an internal heat source (as in the case of Jupiter ) or come from an external source, such as its host star .
CO 2 content changes the effective T, but instead one may treat T to be a typical ground or lower-atmosphere temperature (same as T 0 or close to it) and consider CO 2 content as changing the emissivity ε. We thus re-interpret ε in the above equation as an effective emissivity that includes the CO 2 effect;, and take T=T 0.
The idealized greenhouse model is based on the fact that certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere, including carbon dioxide and water vapour, are transparent to the high-frequency solar radiation, but are much more opaque to the lower frequency infrared radiation leaving Earth's surface.
Models and observations (see figure above, middle) show that greenhouse gas results in warming of the lower atmosphere at the surface (called the troposphere) but cooling of the upper atmosphere (called the stratosphere). [202] Depletion of the ozone layer by chemical refrigerants has also resulted in a cooling effect in the stratosphere.
An imbalance results in a change in temperature. The incoming energy from the Sun is in the form of short wave electromagnetic radiation, chiefly visible and short-wave (near) infrared. The outgoing energy is in the form of long wave (far) infrared electromagnetic energy. These processes are part of the greenhouse effect.
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The lower and middle atmosphere, where nearly all weather occurs, are heating due to the greenhouse effect. [32] Evaporation and atmospheric moisture content increase as temperatures rise. [33] Water vapour is a greenhouse gas, so this process is a self-reinforcing feedback. [34] The excess water vapour also gets caught up in storms.
Schwarzschild's equation provides a simple explanation for the existence of the greenhouse effect and demonstrates that it requires a non-zero lapse rate. [19] Rising air in the atmosphere expands and cools as the pressure on it falls, producing a negative temperature gradient in the Earth's troposphere.