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The ferns (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) are a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers.They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients, and in having life cycles in which the branched sporophyte is the dominant phase.
The term "fern ally" included under Pteridophyta generally refers to vascular spore-bearing plants that are not ferns, including lycopods, horsetails, whisk ferns and water ferns (Marsileaceae, Salviniaceae and Ceratopteris). This is not a natural grouping but rather a convenient term for non-fern, and is also discouraged, as is eusporangiate ...
Vascular plants include the clubmosses, horsetails, ferns, gymnosperms (including conifers), and angiosperms (flowering plants). They are contrasted with nonvascular plants such as mosses and green algae. Scientific names for the vascular plants group include Tracheophyta, [11] [4]: 251 Tracheobionta [12] and Equisetopsida sensu lato.
Asterotheca sp. is a vascularized, seedless fern that reproduces via spores that require the presence of water. This genus of fern lived from the Carboniferous to the Triassic and is an ancestor to all modern seed plants. The leaves of Asterotheca (and all ferns) are called fronds. [1]
Fern allies and ferns were sometimes grouped together as division Pteridophyta. [1] Another traditional classification scheme of living plants is as follows (here, the first three classes are the "fern allies"): Kingdom: Plantae. Division Tracheophyta (vascular plants) Class Lycopodiopsida, clubmosses and related plants (fern-allies)
Botrychium is a genus of ferns, seedless vascular plants in the family Ophioglossaceae. [1] Botrychium species are known as moonworts . They are small, with fleshy roots , and reproduce by spores shed into the air.
The horsetails and their fossil relatives have long been recognized as distinct from other seedless vascular plants, such as the ferns (Polypodiopsida). [7] Before the advent of modern molecular studies, the relationship of this group to other living and fossil plants was considered problematic. [8]
Ferns, horsetails (often treated as ferns), and lycophytes (clubmosses, spikemosses, and quillworts) are all pteridophytes. However, they do not form a monophyletic group because ferns (and horsetails) are more closely related to seed plants than to lycophytes.