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Maslow's hierarchy of needs is an idea in psychology proposed by American psychologist Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" in the journal Psychological Review. [1] The theory is a classification system intended to reflect the universal needs of society as its base, then proceeding to more acquired emotions. [ 18 ]
Maslow describes a metaneed as any need for knowledge, beauty, or creativity. Metaneeds are involved in self-actualization and constitute the highest level of needs, coming into play primarily after the lower level needs have been met. [12] In Maslow's hierarchy, metaneeds are associated with impulses for self-actualization. [13]
Over time, other thinkers have tweaked and re-visualized Maslow’s hierarchy in different ways; expounding on or splitting the levels, or proposing models where needs are differently ordered. The ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 3 January 2025. American psychologist (1908–1970) Abraham Maslow Born Abraham Harold Maslow April 1, 1908 (1908-04) Brooklyn, New York City, U.S. Died June 8, 1970 (1970-06-08) (aged 62) Menlo Park, California, U.S. Education City College of New York Cornell University University of Wisconsin Known for ...
Maslow postulated a hierarchy of human needs stretching from basic physical needs at the bottom to spiritual or transcendental needs at the top. [4] In Motivation and Personality, [1] Maslow argues that, in order for individuals to thrive and excel, a health-fostering culture must be created. [5]
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. The most widely known academic model of needs was proposed by psychologist Abraham Maslow in his hierarchy of needs in 1943. His theory proposed that people have a hierarchy of psychological needs, which range from basic physiological or lower order needs such as food, water and safety (e.g. shelter) through to the ...
The precise nature of the hierarchy and the needs have subsequently been refined by modern neuroscientific and psychological research. Since Maslow's work in the middle of the twentieth century, a significant body of research has been undertaken to clarify what human beings need to be happy and healthy.
When needs in a category are frustrated, an individual will invest more efforts in the lower category. In 1969, psychologist Clayton Alderfer developed Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs by categorizing the hierarchy into his ERG theory (Existence, Relatedness and Growth). The existence category is concerned with the need for providing the ...