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A number of animals, wild or domesticated, carry infectious diseases and approximately 75% of wildlife diseases are vector-borne viral zoonotic diseases. [13] Zoonotic diseases are complex infections residing in animals and can be transmitted to humans. The emergence of zoonotic diseases usually occurs in three stages.
A zoonosis (/ z oʊ ˈ ɒ n ə s ɪ s, ˌ z oʊ ə ˈ n oʊ s ɪ s / ⓘ; [1] plural zoonoses) or zoonotic disease is an infectious disease of humans caused by a pathogen (an infectious agent, such as a bacterium, virus, parasite, or prion) that can jump from a non-human vertebrate to a human.
Usutu virus (USUV) is a flavivirus belonging to the Japanese encephalitis complex, which is an emerging zoonotic arbovirus of concern because of its pathogenicity to humans and its similarity in ecology with other emerging arboviruses such as West Nile virus. [1] It mainly infects Culex mosquitoes and birds; humans form a dead-end host.
Called zoonotic viruses, they spill over from animals to humans, who can then transmit them to other humans. Liberian Red Cross "burial" team, in Monrovia, Liberia, on October 14, 2014.
Zaire ebolavirus, more commonly known as Ebola virus (/ i ˈ b oʊ l ə, ɪ-/; EBOV), is one of six known species within the genus Ebolavirus. [1] Four of the six known ebolaviruses, including EBOV, cause a severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans and other mammals, known as Ebola virus disease (EVD).
The measles virus may have emerged from rinderpest as a zoonotic disease around 600 BC, a period that coincides with the rise of large human settlements. [9] [10] After a global eradication campaign that began in the mid-20th century, the last confirmed case of rinderpest was diagnosed in 2001. [11]
Cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of Semliki Forest virus at 9Å resolution (EMDB entry 1]) The Semliki Forest virus is an alphavirus found in central, eastern, and southern Africa. It was first isolated from mosquitoes in the Semliki Forest, Uganda by the Uganda Virus Research Institute in 1942 and described by Smithburn and Haddow. [2]
Since 1955, WSL virus has been found in animals and mosquitos from Zimbabwe, Uganda, Kenya, Nigeria, Central African Republic, Senegal, Cameroon, and Ivory Coast. Serologic evidence has also shown the virus to be present in Mozambique, Botswana, Namibia, Angola, and Madagascar. [8] Outside of Africa, WSL virus has been found in Thailand. [9]