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Its molecular structure has some similarity to that of nicotine, and it has similar pharmacological effects. Like the smoking cessation aid varenicline, cytisine is a partial agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). [9] Cytisine has a short half-life of 4.8 hours. [10]
A new review of existing studies pinpoints the most effective strategies that can help a person quit smoking. These include a common anti-nicotine drug, a plant-based drug, and nicotine e-cigarettes.
Nicotine withdrawal is a group of symptoms that occur in the first few weeks after stopping or decreasing use of nicotine. Symptoms include intense cravings for nicotine, anger or irritability , anxiety , depression , impatience, trouble sleeping , restlessness , hunger , weight gain , and difficulty concentrating.
In nicotine-dependent smokers, quitting smoking can lead to nicotine withdrawal symptoms such as nicotine cravings, anxiety, irritability, depression, and weight gain. [23]: 2298 Professional smoking cessation support methods generally attempt to address nicotine withdrawal symptoms to help the person break free of nicotine addiction.
Side effects are similar to those from nicotine in general and oral nicotine products, Hrywna says. “Issues like nausea, elevated heart rate, and mouth irritation could also occur with a product ...
Nicotine replacement therapy products (e.g. chewing gum, lozenges, transdermal systems) are indicated as temporary aids for cigarette smokers who want to give up smoking. They serve as alternative sources of nicotine and provide relief of nicotine withdrawal symptoms in nicotine-dependent individuals who are acutely withdrawing from cigarette ...
The common side effects from nicotine exposure are listed in the table below. Serious adverse events due to the use of nicotine replacement therapy are extremely rare. [ 47 ] At low amounts, it has a mild analgesic effect. [ 38 ]
A National Institute on Drug Abuse video entitled Anyone Can Become Addicted to Drugs. [21]Nicotine dependence is defined as a neurobiological adaptation to repeated drug exposure that is manifested by highly controlled or compulsive use, the development of tolerance, experiencing withdrawal symptoms upon cessation including cravings, and an inability to quit despite harmful effects. [9]