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Icefish blood is colorless because it lacks hemoglobin, the oxygen-binding protein in blood. [2] [12] Channichthyidae are the only known vertebrates to lack hemoglobin as adults. Although they do not manufacture hemoglobin, remnants of hemoglobin genes can be found in their genome. The hemoglobin protein is made of two subunits (alpha and beta).
The deer mice native to Andes highlands (up to 3,000 m (9,800 ft)) are found to have relatively low hemoglobin content. [41] Measurement of food intake, gut mass, and cardiopulmonary organ mass indicated proportional increases in mice living at high altitudes, which in turn show that life at high altitudes demands higher levels of energy. [42]
Some well-known hemoglobin variants, such as sickle-cell anemia, are responsible for diseases and are considered hemoglobinopathies. Other variants cause no detectable pathology, and are thus considered non-pathological variants. [34] [79] In embryos: Gower 1 (ζ 2 ε 2). Gower 2 (α 2 ε 2; Hemoglobin Portland I (ζ 2 γ 2).
Hemoglobin bound to carbon monoxide is known as carboxyhemoglobin. This effect also plays a minor role in the toxicity of cyanide , but there the major effect is by far its interference with the proper functioning of the electron transport protein cytochrome a. [ 5 ]
Anemia or anaemia (British English) is a blood disorder in which the blood has a reduced ability to carry oxygen.This can be due to a lower than normal number of red blood cells, a reduction in the amount of hemoglobin available for oxygen transport, or abnormalities in hemoglobin that impair its function.
This amount of carbaminohemoglobin formed is inversely proportional to the amount of oxygen attached to hemoglobin. Thus, at lower oxygen saturation, more carbaminohemoglobin is formed. These dynamics explain the relative difference in hemoglobin's affinity for carbon dioxide depending on oxygen levels known as the Haldane effect. [2]
Red blood cells or erythrocytes primarily carry oxygen and collect carbon dioxide through the use of hemoglobin. [2] Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein that gives red blood cells their color and facilitates transportation of oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs to be exhaled. [3]
Among the most known globular proteins is hemoglobin, a member of the globin protein family. Other globular proteins are the alpha , beta and gamma (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM) globulin. See protein electrophoresis for more information on the different globulins.