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Bipolar disorder can also involve depressive episodes, which have the same symptoms that people with major depressive disorder experience. Symptoms of a depressive episode can include : Feeling ...
The risk of bipolar disorder is nearly ten-fold higher in first-degree relatives of those with bipolar disorder than in the general population; similarly, the risk of major depressive disorder is three times higher in relatives of those with bipolar disorder than in the general population. [29]
Co-occurring substance misuse disorders, which are extremely common in bipolar patients, can cause a significant worsening of bipolar symptomatology and can cause the emergence of affective symptoms. The treatment options and recommendations for substance use disorders is wide but may include certain pharmacological and nonpharmacological ...
Dysthymia – akin to depression, with chronic symptoms; Major depressive disorder – a mood disorder involving low mood, low energy, poor self-esteem, lack of interest in enjoyable activities, and/or aches and pains; Schizoaffective disorder – cyclical mood episodes combined with psychosis; has subtypes: bipolar type and depressive type
Mood stabilizers are used primarily in bipolar disorder, mainly targeting mania rather than depression. [32] Antipsychotics are used for psychotic disorders, notably in schizophrenia. However, they are also often used to treat bipolar disorder [33] in smaller doses to treat anxiety. [34] Stimulants are commonly used, notably for ADHD. [35]
In addition, certain features have been shown to increase the chances that depressed patients have a bipolar disorder, including atypical symptoms of depression like hypersomnia and hyperphagia, a family history of bipolar disorder, medication-induced hypomania, recurrent or psychotic depression, antidepressant refractory depression, and early ...