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CoolSPICE is a computer-aided design (CAD) tool developed by CoolCAD Electronics Inc. It is a specialized version of the SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) simulation tool, designed for the analysis and simulation of circuit operation at cryogenic temperatures, circuits using wide-bandgap semiconductors, and the impact of thermal effects on circuit performance.
Nitrogen is a liquid under −195.8 °C (77.3 K).. In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures.. The 13th International Institute of Refrigeration's (IIR) International Congress of Refrigeration (held in Washington DC in 1971) endorsed a universal definition of "cryogenics" and "cryogenic" by accepting a threshold of 120 K (−153 °C) to ...
Cryochemistry is the study of chemical interactions at temperatures below −150 °C (−238 °F; 123 K). [1] It is derived from the Greek word cryos, meaning 'cold'.It overlaps with many other sciences, including chemistry, cryobiology, condensed matter physics, and even astrochemistry.
The inversion temperature in thermodynamics and cryogenics is the critical temperature below which a non-ideal gas ... For a van der Waals gas we can calculate the ...
In thermodynamics, the Joule–Thomson effect (also known as the Joule–Kelvin effect or Kelvin–Joule effect) describes the temperature change of a real gas or liquid (as differentiated from an ideal gas) when it is expanding; typically caused by the pressure loss from flow through a valve or porous plug while keeping it insulated so that no heat is exchanged with the environment.
The temperature of compressed gas at the hot end is isothermal (by definition), so heat Q a is given off to the surroundings at ambient temperature T a. From b to c. The two pistons move to the right. The volume between the two pistons is kept constant. The hot gas enters the regenerator with temperature T a and leaves it with temperature T L ...
A 3 He/ 4 He dilution refrigerator is a cryogenic device that provides continuous cooling to temperatures as low as 2 mK, with no moving parts in the low-temperature region. [1] [2] The cooling power is provided by the heat of mixing of the helium-3 and helium-4 isotopes.
As a cryogenic fluid that rapidly freezes living tissue, its handling and storage require thermal insulation. It can be stored and transported in vacuum flasks, the temperature being held constant at 77 K by slow boiling of the liquid. Depending on the size and design, the holding time of vacuum flasks ranges from a few hours to a few weeks.