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A blood smear showing hypochromic (and microcytic) anemia. Note the increased central pallor of the red blood cells. Hypochromic anemia is a generic term for any type of anemia in which the red blood cells are paler than normal. (Hypo- refers to less, and chromic means colour.) A normal red blood cell has a biconcave disk shape and will have an ...
Codocytes, also known as target cells, are red blood cells that have the appearance of a shooting target with a bullseye. In optical microscopy these cells appear to have a dark center (a central, hemoglobinized area) surrounded by a white ring (an area of relative pallor), followed by dark outer (peripheral) second ring containing a band of ...
An image from a peripheral blood smear demonstrating microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells in thalassemia (50X oil immersion). An eosinophil, small lymphocyte, platelets and monocyte are also present. The initial tests for thalassemias are: Complete blood count (CBC): Checks the number, size, and maturity of blood cells. Hemoglobin of less ...
A marked increase of dacrocytes is known as dacrocytosis. These tear drop cells are found primarily in diseases with bone marrow fibrosis, such as: primary myelofibrosis, myelodysplastic syndromes during the late course of the disease, rare form of acute leukemias and myelophthisis caused by metastatic cancers.
HLA-A projected away from the cell surface and presenting a peptide sequence. The peptide-MHC complex presents a surface that looks like an altered self to the TCR. [11] The surface consisting of two α helices from the MHC and a bound peptide sequence is projected away from the host cell to the T cells, whose TCRs are projected away from the T cells towards the host cells.
The formation of the fibrin strands in the vessels occurs as part of the clot formation process. The red blood cells get trapped in the fibrin strands and the shear force of the blood flow causes the red blood cell to break. The resulting fragmented cell is called the schistocyte. [4]
When host cells die, either by apoptosis or by cell injury due to an infection, phagocytic cells are responsible for their removal from the affected site. [9] By helping to remove dead cells preceding growth and development of new healthy cells, phagocytosis is an important part of the healing process following tissue injury.
Furthermore, cancer cells with aberrant regulatory modifications in the chromatin of certain genes respond with different kinetics to cell stress, triggering expression of genes that protect them from cytotoxic conditions, and also by activating expression of genes that influence surrounding tissue in a manner that facilitates tumor growth.