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  2. Friedman rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedman_rule

    A social optimum occurs when the nominal rate is zero (or deflation is at a rate equal to the real interest rate), so that the marginal social benefit and marginal social cost of holding money are equalized at zero. Thus, the Friedman rule is designed to remove an inefficiency, and by doing so, raise the mean of output.

  3. Friedman's k-percent rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedman's_k-percent_rule

    Friedman's Money Supply Rule vs. Optimal Interest Rate Policy; Model Uncertainty and Delegation: A Case for Friedman's k-percent Money Growth Rule; A K-Percent Rule for Monetary Policy in West Germany; Rules, discretion and reputation in a model of monetary policy, Robert J. Barro, David B. Gordon; Discretion versus policy rules in practice ...

  4. Monetarism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetarism

    Friedman proposed a fixed monetary rule, called Friedman's k-percent rule, where the money supply would be automatically increased by a fixed percentage per year. The rate should equal the growth rate of real GDP, leaving the price level unchanged. For instance, if the economy is expected to grow at 2 percent in a given year, the Fed should ...

  5. Permanent income hypothesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_income_hypothesis

    The American economist Milton Friedman developed the permanent income hypothesis in his 1957 book A Theory of the Consumption Function. [7] In his book, Friedman posits a theory that explained how and why future expectations change consumption. [8] Friedman's 1957 book A Theory of the Consumption Function created the basis for consumption ...

  6. Milton Friedman - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman

    Friedman's counterpart Keynes believed people would modify their household consumption expenditures to relate to their existing income levels. [65] Friedman's research introduced the term "permanent income" to the world, which was the average of a household's expected income over several years, and he also developed the permanent income ...

  7. Zero lower bound - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_lower_bound

    According to Friedman, a central bank can increase the monetary base even if the interest rate vanishes; it only needs to continue buying bonds. [3] Friedman also coined the term "helicopter drops" to illustrate how central banks could always generate spending and inflation. Friedman used the example of a helicopter flying over a town dropping ...

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