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  2. Metal ions in aqueous solution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_ions_in_aqueous_solution

    Lanthanide and actinide aqua ions have higher solvation numbers (often 8 to 9), with the highest known being 11 for Ac 3+. The strength of the bonds between the metal ion and water molecules in the primary solvation shell increases with the electrical charge, z, on the metal ion and decreases as its ionic radius, r, increases. Aqua ions are ...

  3. Charge number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_number

    Atomic numbers (Z) are a special case of charge numbers, referring to the charge number of an atomic nucleus, as opposed to the net charge of an atom or ion. The charge numbers for ions (and also subatomic particles ) are written in superscript, e.g., Na + is a sodium ion with charge number positive one (an electric charge of one elementary ...

  4. Ion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion

    A zwitterion is a neutral molecule with positive and negative charges at different locations within that molecule. [17] Cations and anions are measured by their ionic radius and they differ in relative size: "Cations are small, most of them less than 10 −10 m (10 −8 cm) in radius.

  5. Hydration number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydration_number

    One such approach counts the number of water molecules bound to the compound more strongly (by 13.3 kcal/mol or more) than they are bound to other water molecules. [3] Hydration number estimates are not limited to integer values (for instance, estimates for sodium include 4, 4.6, 5.3, 5.5, 5.6, 6, 6.5, and 8), with some of the spread of ...

  6. Negative air ions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_air_ions

    The ion clusters formed by the combination of small ions and water molecules have a longer survival period due to their large volume and the fact that the charge is protected by water molecules and is not easy to transfer.

  7. Chemical polarity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_polarity

    A polar molecule has a net dipole as a result of the opposing charges (i.e. having partial positive and partial negative charges) from polar bonds arranged asymmetrically. Water (H 2 O) is an example of a polar molecule since it has a slight positive charge on one side and a slight negative charge on the other. The dipoles do not cancel out ...

  8. Solvation shell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvation_shell

    The number of solvent molecules surrounding each unit of solute is called the hydration number of the solute. A classic example is when water molecules arrange around a metal ion. If the metal ion is a cation, the electronegative oxygen atom of the water molecule would be attracted electrostatically to the positive charge on the metal ion. The ...

  9. Nitrate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate

    In the NO − 3 anion, the oxidation state of the central nitrogen atom is V (+5). This corresponds to the highest possible oxidation number of nitrogen. Nitrate is a potentially powerful oxidizer as evidenced by its explosive behaviour at high temperature when it is detonated in ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3), or black powder, ignited by the shock wave of a primary explosive.

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