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  2. Thesis statement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesis_statement

    A thesis statement is a statement of one's core argument, the main idea(s), and/or a concise summary of an essay, research paper, etc. [1] It is usually expressed in one or two sentences near the beginning of a paper, and may be reiterated elsewhere, such as in the conclusion.

  3. Thesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesis

    This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 1 February 2025. Work by academic candidate For other uses, see Thesis (disambiguation). "Dissertation" redirects here. For other uses, see Dissertation (disambiguation). Dutch 18th century doctoral ceremony at Leiden University shown on the frontispiece of a PhD thesis, Netherlands. Disputatio ...

  4. Lancet MMR autism fraud - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud

    Among Deer's earliest reported allegations was that, contrary to a statement in the paper, Wakefield's research on the 12 children was conducted without any institutional review board authorization—a claim quickly denied in February 2004 by both the paper's authors and the Lancet. [44] The paper itself said, "Ethical approval and consent.

  5. List of scientific misconduct incidents - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific...

    A Lancet review on Handling of Scientific Misconduct in Scandinavian countries gave examples of policy definitions. In Denmark, scientific misconduct is defined as "intention[al] negligence leading to fabrication of the scientific message or a false credit or emphasis given to a scientist", and in Sweden as "intention[al] distortion of the ...

  6. Argument by example - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_by_example

    An argument by example (also known as argument from example) is an argument in which a claim is supported by providing examples. Most conclusions drawn in surveys and carefully controlled experiments are arguments by example and generalization.

  7. Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraordinary_claims...

    "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence" (sometimes shortened to ECREE), [1] also known as the Sagan standard, is an aphorism popularized by science communicator Carl Sagan. He used the phrase in his 1979 book Broca's Brain and the 1980 television program Cosmos .

  8. Constructive empiricism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_empiricism

    A theory is semantically literal if and only if the language of the theory is interpreted in such a way that the claims of the theory are either true or false (as opposed to an instrumentalist reading). Constructive empiricism is thus a normative, semantic and epistemological thesis.

  9. Argument map - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_map

    A partial argument tree with claims and impact votes for arguments illustrates one form of collective determination of argument weights that is based on equal-weight user voting. [35] There is research into how to efficiently calculate the winning arguments or arguments' weights and the overall conclusions in digital argument map systems. [36]