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Many design procedures describe how to calculate an approximate value, and then "round" to some standard size using phrases such as "round down to nearest standard value", "round up to nearest standard value", or "round to nearest standard value". [11] [12]
Round to nearest, ties to even – rounds to the nearest value; if the number falls midway, it is rounded to the nearest value with an even least significant digit. Round to nearest, ties away from zero (or ties to away ) – rounds to the nearest value; if the number falls midway, it is rounded to the nearest value above (for positive numbers ...
The IEEE standard uses round-to-nearest. Round-by-chop: The base-expansion of is truncated after the ()-th digit. This rounding rule is biased because it always moves the result toward zero. Round-to-nearest: () is set to the nearest floating-point number to . When there is a tie, the floating-point number whose last stored digit is even (also ...
Since the introduction of IEEE 754, the default method (round to nearest, ties to even, sometimes called Banker's Rounding) is more commonly used. This method rounds the ideal (infinitely precise) result of an arithmetic operation to the nearest representable value, and gives that representation as the result.
By this definition, ε equals the value of the unit in the last place relative to 1, i.e. () (where b is the base of the floating point system and p is the precision) and the unit roundoff is u = ε / 2, assuming round-to-nearest mode, and u = ε, assuming round-by-chop.
The IEEE 754 specification—followed by all modern floating-point hardware—requires that the result of an elementary arithmetic operation (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and square root since 1985, and FMA since 2008) be correctly rounded, which implies that in rounding to nearest, the rounded result is within 0.5 ulp of ...
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It returns the exact value of x–(round(x/y)·y). Round to nearest integer. For undirected rounding when halfway between two integers the even integer is chosen. Comparison operations. Besides the more obvious results, IEEE 754 defines that −∞ = −∞, +∞ = +∞ and x ≠ NaN for any x (including NaN).