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  2. James while John had had had had had had had had had had had ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_while_John_had_had...

    The sentence can be given as a grammatical puzzle [7] [8] [9] or an item on a test, [1] [2] for which one must find the proper punctuation to give it meaning. Hans Reichenbach used a similar sentence ("John where Jack had...") in his 1947 book Elements of Symbolic Logic as an exercise for the reader, to illustrate the different levels of language, namely object language and metalanguage.

  3. Serial verb construction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_verb_construction

    Musa bé came lá took èbi. knife Musa bé lá èbi. Musa came took knife "Musa came to take the knife." The two verbs bé and lá appear consecutively, with no linking word (like "and") or anything else to indicate that one verb is subordinate to the other. The subject, "Musa", is understood to apply to both verbs. In this example, the second verb also has a direct object. Note that in the ...

  4. Word n-gram language model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_n-gram_language_model

    If only one previous word is considered, it is called a bigram model; if two words, a trigram model; if n − 1 words, an n-gram model. [2] Special tokens are introduced to denote the start and end of a sentence s {\displaystyle \langle s\rangle } and / s {\displaystyle \langle /s\rangle } .

  5. List of glossing abbreviations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations

    Grammatical abbreviations are generally written in full or small caps to visually distinguish them from the translations of lexical words. For instance, capital or small-cap PAST (frequently abbreviated to PST) glosses a grammatical past-tense morpheme, while lower-case 'past' would be a literal translation of a word with that meaning.

  6. English grammar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar

    Because the word there can also be a deictic adverb (meaning "at/to that place"), a sentence like There is a river could have either of two meanings: "a river exists" (with there as a pronoun), and "a river is in that place" (with there as an adverb).

  7. Epizeuxis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epizeuxis

    In rhetoric, epizeuxis, also known as palilogia, is the repetition of a word or phrase in immediate succession, typically within the same sentence, for vehemence or emphasis. [1] [2] A closely related rhetorical device is diacope, which involves word repetition that is broken up by a single intervening word, or a small number of intervening ...

  8. Heterogram (literature) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogram_(literature)

    A heterogram (from hetero-, meaning 'different', + -gram, meaning 'written') is a word, phrase, or sentence in which no letter of the alphabet occurs more than once. The terms isogram and nonpattern word have also been used to mean the same thing. [1] [2] [3] It is not clear who coined or popularized the term "heterogram".

  9. Coverb - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coverb

    我 wǒ I 帮 幫 bāng help 你 你 nǐ you 找 找 zhǎo find 他 他 tā him (simplified) (traditional) 我 帮 你 找 他 我 幫 你 找 他 wǒ bāng nǐ zhǎo tā I help you find him "I'm finding him for you." The above sentence represents a typical Chinese serial verb construction, with two consecutive verb phrases meaning "help you" and "find him", sharing the same subject ("I"), and ...