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The floor of the caldera of Mount Tambora, looking north Tephra layers near the caldera (left) and summit (background) of Mount Tambora. A team led by the Swiss botanist Heinrich Zollinger arrived on Sumbawa in 1847. Zollinger sought to study the area of eruption and its effects on the local ecosystem. He was the first person after the eruption ...
This cooling directly or indirectly caused 90,000 deaths. The eruption of Mount Tambora was the largest cause of this climate anomaly. [22] While there were other eruptions in 1815, Tambora is classified as a VEI-7 eruption with a column 45 km (148,000 ft) tall, eclipsing all others by at least one order of magnitude.
The only unambiguous VEI-7 eruption to have been directly observed in recorded history was Mount Tambora in 1815 and caused the Year Without a Summer in 1816. The Minoan eruption of Thera in the middle of the second millennium BC may have been VEI-7, but may have been just shy of the 100 cubic kilometers required.
The main cause of the Year Without a Summer is generally held to be a volcanic winter created by the April 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora on Sumbawa. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] The eruption had a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) ranking of 7, and ejected at least 37 km 3 (8.9 cu mi) of dense-rock equivalent material into the atmosphere. [ 10 ]
Mount Emmons, Mount Hague, and Double Crater are post-caldera cones. [6] The topography of the Basin and Range Province is a result of crustal extension within this part of the North American Plate (rifting of the North American craton or Laurentia from Western North America; e.g. Gulf of California, Rio Grande rift, Oregon-Idaho graben).
The Sangeang Api (island of Sangeang) and Satonda are eruption centers associated to the Tambora volcano [7] — and therefore to the phenomenal 10–15 April 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora which ejected 50km 3 of rock (150 km 3 of pumice and pyroclastics) and affected a large part of the Earth. [b]
Waterman Mountain, at 8,041 feet (2,451 m), is a prominent peak in the San Gabriel Mountains of Los Angeles County, California, within the Angeles National Forest and San Gabriel Mountains National Monument. The summit of Waterman Mountain marks the northern boundary of the San Gabriel Wilderness and it is the highest point in the wilderness ...
Mount Whitney is the highest mountain peak in the Sierra Nevada, the State of California, and the contiguous United States. This article comprises three sortable tables of major mountain peaks [a] of the U.S. State of California. The summit of a mountain or hill may be measured in three principal ways: