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  2. Integer factorization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_factorization

    To factorize a small integer n using mental or pen-and-paper arithmetic, the simplest method is trial division: checking if the number is divisible by prime numbers 2, 3, 5, and so on, up to the square root of n. For larger numbers, especially when using a computer, various more sophisticated factorization algorithms are more efficient.

  3. Fermat's factorization method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat's_factorization_method

    Fermat's factorization method, named after Pierre de Fermat, is based on the representation of an odd integer as the difference of two squares: =. That difference is algebraically factorable as (+) (); if neither factor equals one, it is a proper factorization of N.

  4. Trial division - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_division

    Given an integer n (n refers to "the integer to be factored"), the trial division consists of systematically testing whether n is divisible by any smaller number. Clearly, it is only worthwhile to test candidate factors less than n, and in order from two upwards because an arbitrary n is more likely to be divisible by two than by three, and so on.

  5. Factorization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorization

    The integers and the polynomials over a field share the property of unique factorization, that is, every nonzero element may be factored into a product of an invertible element (a unit, ±1 in the case of integers) and a product of irreducible elements (prime numbers, in the case of integers), and this factorization is unique up to rearranging ...

  6. Quadratic sieve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_sieve

    To factorize the integer n, Fermat's method entails a search for a single number a, n 1/2 < a < n−1, such that the remainder of a 2 divided by n is a square. But these a are hard to find. The quadratic sieve consists of computing the remainder of a 2 /n for several a, then finding a subset of these whose product is a square. This will yield a ...

  7. Pollard's p − 1 algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollard%27s_p_%E2%88%92_1...

    Pollard's p − 1 algorithm is a number theoretic integer factorization algorithm, invented by John Pollard in 1974. It is a special-purpose algorithm, meaning that it is only suitable for integers with specific types of factors; it is the simplest example of an algebraic-group factorisation algorithm.

  8. Numerous factors can cause kidney disease. Here are the most ...

    www.aol.com/numerous-factors-cause-kidney...

    Kidney disease results from kidney damage and subsequent decline in kidney function.

  9. Pollard's rho algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollard's_rho_algorithm

    The algorithm is used to factorize a number =, where is a non-trivial factor. A polynomial modulo , called () (e.g., () = (+)), is used to generate a pseudorandom sequence.It is important to note that () must be a polynomial.