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Pyrethroids, including cyhalothrin, disrupt the functioning of the nervous system in an organism. They are fast-acting axonic excitotoxins, the toxic effects of which are mediated by preventing the closure of the voltage-gated sodium channels in axonal membranes. The sodium channel is a membrane protein with a hydrophilic interior.
Poisoning in cats can result in seizures, fever, ataxia and even death. Poisoning can occur if pyrethroid containing flea treatment products, which are intended for dogs, are used on cats. The livers of cats detoxify pyrethroids via glucuronidation more poorly than dogs, which is the cause of this difference. [ 15 ]
Cyfluthrin is a pyrethroid insecticide and common household pesticide. It is a complex organic compound and the commercial product is sold as a mixture of isomers.Like most pyrethroids (MoA 3a), [1] it is highly toxic to fish and invertebrates, but it is far less toxic to humans. [2]
Aquatic life is extremely susceptible to pyrethrin toxicity, and has been documented in species such as the lake trout. Although pyrethrins are quickly metabolized by birds and most mammals, fish and aquatic invertebrates lack the ability to metabolize these compounds, leading to a toxic accumulation of byproducts. [29]
Cypermethrin is moderately toxic through skin contact or ingestion. It may cause irritation to the skin and eyes. Symptoms of dermal exposure include numbness, tingling, itching, burning sensation, loss of bladder control, incoordination, seizures and possible death. Pyrethroids may adversely affect the central nervous system.
At normal application rates, allethrin is slightly toxic to bees. [4] Insects subject to exposure become paralyzed (nervous system effect) before dying. Allethrins are toxic to cats [ 5 ] because they either do not produce, or produce less of certain isoforms of glucuronosyltransferase , which serve in hepatic detoxifying metabolism pathways.
Like other pyrethroids with an α-cyano group, fenpropathrin also belongs to the termed type II pyrethroids (e.g. cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and esfenvalerate). [7] Type II pyrethroids are a more potent toxicant than type I in depolarizing insect nerves. [8]
Pyriproxyfen has low acute toxicity. [11] According to WHO and FAO , at elevated doses exceeding 5000 mg/kg of body weight , pyriproxyfen affects the liver in mice, rats and dogs. [ 12 ] It also changes cholesterol levels, and may cause modest anemia at high doses.