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Which card or cards must be turned over to test the idea that if a card shows an even number on one face, then its opposite face is blue? The Wason selection task (or four-card problem) is a logic puzzle devised by Peter Cathcart Wason in 1966. [1] [2] [3] It is one of the most famous tasks in the study of deductive reasoning. [4]
The Twenty Questions Test measures the ability to categorize, formulate abstract, yes/no questions, and incorporate the examiner's feedback to formulate more efficient yes/no questions; The Word Context Test measures verbal modality, deductive reasoning, integration of multiple bits of information, hypothesis testing, and flexibility of thinking
The ability of deductive reasoning is an important aspect of intelligence and many tests of intelligence include problems that call for deductive inferences. [1] Because of this relation to intelligence, deduction is highly relevant to psychology and the cognitive sciences. [ 5 ]
The Figure Reasoning Test (FRT) is an intelligence test created by John Clifford Daniels in the late 1940s. [1] It consists of two forms, Form A and Form B. Each form contains 45 questions, with the test taker given 20 minutes to complete each form. [2] [3]
Non-deductive reasoning is an important form of logical reasoning besides deductive reasoning. It happens in the form of inferences drawn from premises to reach and support a conclusion, just like its deductive counterpart. The hallmark of non-deductive reasoning is that this support is fallible.
A syllogism (Ancient Greek: συλλογισμός, syllogismos, 'conclusion, inference') is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true. "Socrates" at the Louvre
A mathematical proof is a deductive argument for a mathematical statement, showing that the stated assumptions logically guarantee the conclusion. The argument may use other previously established statements, such as theorems ; but every proof can, in principle, be constructed using only certain basic or original assumptions known as axioms ...
In practice, it is usually enough to know that we could do this. We normally use the natural-deductive form in place of the much longer axiomatic proof. First, we write a proof using a natural-deduction like method: Q 1. hypothesis Q→R 2. hypothesis; R 3. modus ponens 1,2 (Q→R)→R 4. deduction from 2 to 3; Q→((Q→R)→R) 5. deduction ...