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Urobilinogen: 0.2 [2] 1.0 [2] Ehrlich units or mg/dL Free catecholamines, dopamine: 90 [3] 420 [3] μg/d Red blood cells (RBCs) 0 [4] [2] 2 [2] - 3 [4] per High Power Field (HPF) RBC casts: n/a 0 / negative [2] White blood cells (WBCs) 0 [2] 2 [2] pH: 5 [2] 7 [2] (unitless) Protein: 0: trace amounts [2] Glucose: n/a: 0 / negative [2] Ketones: n ...
The urobilinogen in the intestine is directly reduced to brownish colour stercobilin, which gives the feces their characteristic color. It can also be reduced to stercobilinogen, which can then be further oxidized to stercobilin. In biliary obstruction, below-normal amounts of conjugated bilirubin reach the intestine for conversion to urobilinogen.
In bile duct obstruction, urine bilirubin increases but urobilinogen is normal or decreased, as bilirubin cannot reach the intestines to be converted to urobilinogen. [85] Testing methods are based on the Ehrlich reaction of urobilinogen with para -dimethylaminobenzaldehyde , or interaction with a diazonium compound to produce a colored product.
The normal number of red blood cells in urine should not usually exceed 3 per high power field. [ 13 ] A urine test strip showing positive for blood can also indicate hemoglobinuria , which is not detectable using a microscope due to the lysis of red blood cells in the urinary tract (particularly in alkaline or dilute urine), or intravascular ...
Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and sclera due to high bilirubin levels. [3] [6] Jaundice in adults is typically a sign indicating the presence of underlying diseases involving abnormal heme metabolism, liver dysfunction, or biliary-tract obstruction. [7]
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The presence of urobilinogen and its increased levels indicate that there are more than normal amounts of bilirubin in the intestine, showing that jaundice observed is not due to the blockage of bile flow, and is of pre-hepatic or hepatic causes. [32] Normal colour of the patient's urine indicates the absence of unconjugated bilirubin. [27]
The gold standard and most accurate way of testing whether a person has normal oxygen levels is to stick a needle into a person’s wrist and draw blood. An arterial blood draw, as it’s called ...