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A number where some but not all prime factors have multiplicity above 1 is neither square-free nor squareful. The Liouville function λ(n) is 1 if Ω(n) is even, and is -1 if Ω(n) is odd. The Möbius function μ(n) is 0 if n is not square-free. Otherwise μ(n) is 1 if Ω(n) is even, and is −1 if Ω(n) is odd.
Economic inequality is an umbrella term for a) income inequality or distribution of income (how the total sum of money paid to people is distributed among them), b) wealth inequality or distribution of wealth (how the total sum of wealth owned by people is distributed among the owners), and c) consumption inequality (how the total sum of money spent by people is distributed among the spenders).
The top .1% owned approximately 22% of the wealth in 2012, versus 7% in 1978. The top 1% share of wealth was at or below 10% from 1950 to 1987. [81] [169] A conflicting estimate found that they held some 15%. [29] The top 400 Americans had net worth of $2 trillion in 2013, more than the bottom 50%. Their average net worth was $5 billion. [277]
Y k is the cumulated proportion of the income variable, for k = 0,...,n, with Y 0 = 0, Y n = 1. Y k should be indexed in non-decreasing order (Y k > Y k – 1) If the Lorenz curve is approximated on each interval as a line between consecutive points, then the area B can be approximated with trapezoids and:
In statistics, ranking is the data transformation in which numerical or ordinal values are replaced by their rank when the data are sorted.. For example, if the numerical data 3.4, 5.1, 2.6, 7.3 are observed, the ranks of these data items would be 2, 3, 1 and 4 respectively.
Trump’s day-one plans are wide-reaching, calling for the mass deportation of undocumented immigrants, sweeping tariffs that economists have warned could have drastic and harmful effects on the U ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 14 January 2025. World map of countries or territories by Human Development Index scores in increments of 0.050 (based on 2022 data, published in 2024) ≥ 0.950 0.900–0.950 0.850–0.899 0.800–0.849 0.750–0.799 0.700–0.749 0.650–0.699 0.600–0.649 0.550–0.599 0.500–0.549 0.450–0.499 0. ...
Social capital is a concept used in sociology and economics to define networks of relationships which are productive towards advancing the goals of individuals and groups. [1] [2] It involves the effective functioning of social groups through interpersonal relationships, a shared sense of identity, a shared understanding, shared norms, shared values, trust, cooperation, and reciprocity.