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The term "juvenile delinquent" originated from the late 18th and early 19th centuries when treatment of juvenile and adult criminals was similar and punishment was over the seriousness of an offense. [6] Before the 18th century, juveniles over age 7 were tried in the same criminal court as adults and, if convicted, could get the death penalty.
Conduct disorder (CD) is a mental disorder diagnosed in childhood or adolescence that presents itself through a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that includes theft, lies, physical violence that may lead to destruction, and reckless breaking of rules, [2] in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate norms are violated.
Recent research has suggested that children with incarcerated parents are more likely to exhibit delinquent behavior compared to their peers. [3] While some children may want to push the boundaries set by their parents or society, [4] imposing strict laws and rules such as curfews may not necessarily lead to a decrease in juvenile delinquency ...
Behavior shapes the selection of values, and this choice influences the adoption of certain behaviors. This understanding of the delinquency spiral mechanism is based on findings related to learning, particularly social learning described by Albert Bandura, and processes of symbolic interactionism, especially cognitive dissonance reduction theory.
Criminologists recognize a natural process of desistance called "aging out" of delinquency, through which a person desists their delinquent behavior through maturation and experience. Detaining or incarcerating youth can interrupt or slow down the aging out process, resulting in a longer period of delinquency. [27]
Another early form of the theory was proposed by Reiss (1951) [3] who defined delinquency as, "...behavior consequent to the failure of personal and social controls." ." Personal control was defined as, "...the ability of the individual to refrain from meeting needs in ways which conflict with the norms and rules of the community" while social control was, "...the ability of social groups or ...
In criminology, the focal concerns theory, posited in 1962 by Walter B. Miller, attempts to explain the behavior of "members of adolescent street corner groups in lower class communities" as concern for six focal concerns: trouble, toughness, smartness, excitement, fate, and autonomy. [1]
It is characterized by the following types of behavior: meeting face to face, milling, movement through space as a unit, conflict, and planning. The result of this collective behavior is the development of tradition, unreflective internal structure, esprit de corps, solidarity, morale, group awareness, and attachment to a local territory."