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The ability to convert data from serial to parallel, and from parallel to serial, using shift registers. An on-chip bit rate (baud rate) generator to control transmit and receive data rate. Handshake lines for control of an external modem, controllable by software. An interrupt function to the host microprocessor.
An example of an early 1980s UART was the National Semiconductor 8250 used in the original IBM PC's Asynchronous Communications Adapter card. [5] In the 1990s, newer UARTs were developed with on-chip buffers. This allowed higher transmission speed without data loss and without requiring such frequent attention from the computer.
The HP Nut processor used in many Hewlett-Packard calculators operated bit-serially. [ 2 ] Assuming N is an arbitrary integer number, N serial processors will often take less FPGA area and have a higher total performance than a single N-bit parallel processor.
USARTs in synchronous mode transmits data in frames. In synchronous operation, characters must be provided on time until a frame is complete; if the controlling processor does not do so, this is an "underrun error," and transmission of the frame is aborted. USARTs operating as synchronous devices used either character-oriented or bit-oriented mode.
In telecommunication and data transmission, serial communication is the process of sending data one bit at a time, sequentially, over a communication channel or computer bus. This is in contrast to parallel communication , where several bits are sent as a whole, on a link with several parallel channels.
Asynchronous serial communication is a form of serial communication in which the communicating endpoints' interfaces are not continuously synchronized by a common clock signal. Instead of a common synchronization signal, the data stream contains synchronization information in form of start and stop signals, before and after each unit of ...
After all bits have been shifted out and in, the main and sub have exchanged register values. If more data needs to be exchanged, the shift registers are reloaded and the process repeats. Transmission may continue for any number of clock cycles. When complete, the main stops toggling the clock signal, and typically deselects the sub.
I 2 C uses only two signals: serial data line (SDA) and serial clock line (SCL). Both are bidirectional and pulled up with resistors. [3] Typical voltages used are +5 V or +3.3 V, although systems with other voltages are permitted. The I 2 C reference design has a 7-bit address space, with a rarely used 10-bit extension. [4]