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Tempering is a technique applied in chocolate production to create chocolate that is glossy, has a good snap and smoother texture and is more resistant to chocolate bloom. It involves cooling liquid chocolate while agitating it until a small amount of cocoa butter crystallizes .
Couverture chocolate (/ ˈ k uː. v ər. tʃ ʊər /) is a chocolate that contains a higher percentage of cocoa butter (32–39%) than baking or eating chocolate. [1] This additional cocoa butter, combined with proper tempering, gives the chocolate more sheen, a firmer "snap" when broken, and a creamy mellow flavor.
Conching is a process used in the manufacture of chocolate whereby a surface scraping mixer and agitator, known as a conche, evenly distributes cocoa butter within chocolate and may act as a "polisher" of the particles. [1] It also promotes flavor development through frictional heat, release of volatiles and acids, and oxidation.
Source: Pirouzian et al. (2020), pg. 2: "The addition of the sugar particles promoted the formation of polymorphs with lower melting points. It was suggested that the sugar acted as a heterogeneous nucleation agent, prolonging the nucleation and growth of cocoa butter crystals since foreign surfaces acted as nucleation sites for crystallization"
Melting the cocoa butter in chocolate and then allowing it to solidify without tempering leads to the formation of unstable polymorphic forms of cocoa butter. This can easily happen when chocolate bars are allowed to melt in a hot room and lead to the formation of white patches on the surface of the chocolate called fat bloom or chocolate bloom .
The liquor can be further processed into cocoa solids and cocoa butter. [67] Producers of high-quality, small-batch chocolate argue that mass production produces bad-quality chocolate. [68] Some mass-produced chocolate contains much less cocoa (as low as 7% in many cases), and fats other than cocoa butter.
The technology of good chocolate production depends on ensuring that only the stable form of the cocoa butter ingredient exists in the final product. In poorly tempered chocolate, form IV will transform to V and eventually form VI, resulting in bloom, while in well-tempered chocolate, form V will transform to form VI and bloom may also occur ...
Ganache (/ ɡ ə ˈ n æ ʃ / or / ɡ ə ˈ n ɑː ʃ /; [1] French:) is a glaze, icing, sauce, or filling for pastries, made from chocolate and cream. [2]In the broad sense of the term, ganache is an emulsion between (melted) solid chocolate (which is made with cocoa butter, the fat phase) and a water-based ingredient, which can be cream, milk or fruit pulp. [3]