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The cognitive approach is primarily nomothetic, as it seeks to establish general principles and theories of information processing that apply to all individuals. It aims to identify universal patterns and mechanisms of cognition rather than focusing on individual differences.
Jean Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development outlines four stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational) in a child's cognitive development from infancy to adolescence.
By including thought processes in human psychology, social cognitive theory is able to avoid the assumption made by radical behaviorism that all human behavior is learned through trial and error. Instead, Bandura highlights the role of observational learning and imitation in human behavior.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of talking therapy that can be used to treat people with a wide range of mental health problems, including anxiety disorders (e.g., generalized anxiety, social anxiety) or depression.
Information Processing Theory explains human thinking as a series of steps similar to how computers process information, including receiving input, interpreting sensory information, organizing data, forming mental representations, retrieving info from memory, making decisions, and giving output.
Vygotsky’s theory emphasizes individuals’ active role in their cognitive development, highlighting the interplay between innate abilities, social interaction, and cultural tools. Vygotsky posited that people aren’t passive recipients of knowledge but actively interact with their environment.
There may be several theories within an approach, but they all share these assumptions. The five major psychological perspectives are biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic, and provide different lenses through which phenomena are explained and analyzed.
The humanistic approach emphasizes the individual’s personal worth, the centrality of human values, and the creative, active nature of human beings. The approach is optimistic and focuses on the noble human capacity to overcome hardship, pain and despair. People are motivated to self-actualize:
Cognitive Approach. The cognitive approach is focused on how our mental processes affect our behavior. It argues that internal mental processes (operations of the mind, e.g., perception of memory that mediates between stimulus and response) should be studied scientifically.
There are five basic types of learning theory: behaviorist, cognitive, constructivist, social, and experiential. This section provides a brief introduction to each type of learning theory.