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In elementary algebra, the binomial theorem (or binomial expansion) describes the algebraic expansion of powers of a binomial.According to the theorem, the power (+) expands into a polynomial with terms of the form , where the exponents and are nonnegative integers satisfying + = and the coefficient of each term is a specific positive integer ...
In mathematics, the binomial coefficients are the positive integers that occur as coefficients in the binomial theorem. Commonly, a binomial coefficient is indexed by a pair of integers n ≥ k ≥ 0 and is written (). It is the coefficient of the x k term in the polynomial expansion of the binomial power (1 + x) n; this coefficient can be ...
The usual argument to compute the sum of the binomial series goes as follows. Differentiating term-wise the binomial series within the disk of convergence | x | < 1 and using formula , one has that the sum of the series is an analytic function solving the ordinary differential equation (1 + x)u′(x) − αu(x) = 0 with initial condition u(0) = 1.
Several theorems related to the triangle were known, including the binomial theorem. Khayyam used a method of finding nth roots based on the binomial expansion, and therefore on the binomial coefficients. [1] Pascal's triangle was known in China during the 11th century through the work of the Chinese mathematician Jia Xian (1010–1070).
The expansion of the n th power uses the numbers n rows down from the top of the triangle. An application of the above formula for the square of a binomial is the "(m, n)-formula" for generating Pythagorean triples: For m < n, let a = n 2 − m 2, b = 2mn, and c = n 2 + m 2; then a 2 + b 2 = c 2.
Relationship to the binomial theorem [ edit ] The Leibniz rule bears a strong resemblance to the binomial theorem , and in fact the binomial theorem can be proven directly from the Leibniz rule by taking f ( x ) = e a x {\displaystyle f(x)=e^{ax}} and g ( x ) = e b x , {\displaystyle g(x)=e^{bx},} which gives
Since a binomial coefficient is always an integer, the nth binomial coefficient is divisible by p and hence equal to 0 in the ring. We are left with the zeroth and pth coefficients, which both equal 1, yielding the desired equation. Thus in characteristic p the freshman's dream is a valid identity.
Note again that as p + q = 1, the binomial expansion of (p + q) 2 = p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 gives the same relationships. Summing the elements of the Punnett square or the binomial expansion, we obtain the expected genotype proportions among the offspring after a single generation: