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Relationship between number of feet, octave and size of an open flue pipe (1′ = 1 foot = about 32 cm) Play ⓘ Scaling is the ratio of an organ pipe's diameter to its length. The scaling of a pipe is a major influence on its timbre. Reed pipes are scaled according to different formulas than for flue pipes.
A reed pipe comprises a metal tongue (the reed) which rests against a shallot, in which is carved a tunnel. The reed and shallot are held in place by a wooden wedge. This assembly protrudes from the underside of the block and hangs down into the boot. A tuning wire is inserted through the boot and is bent to hold the reed against the shallot.
A pipe half the length of another will sound one octave higher. If the longest pipe, C, is 8 feet (2.4 m) in length, the pipe one octave higher will be 4 feet (1.2 m) long, and two octaves above (middle C) will be 2 feet (0.61 m) long. A closed (stopped) pipe produces a sound one octave lower than an open pipe.
The most apical point of any file is deemed D 0, so moving coronal on the file by 1mm brings you to D 1 and so on, up to D 16 as there is a 16mm cutting surface on all files. For example, an ISO K file size 25 has a D 0 value of 0.25mm diameter at its tip.
A reamer is a type of rotary cutting tool used in metalworking. Precision reamers are designed to enlarge the size of a previously formed hole by a small amount but with a high degree of accuracy to leave smooth sides. There are also non-precision reamers which are used for more basic enlargement of holes or for removing burrs.
A typical and distinctive sound of the organ is the cornet, composed of a flute and ranks making up its first four overtones, sounding 8′, 4′, 2 + 2 ⁄ 3 ′ (labeled 3′ on some German and Swedish organs), 2′, and 1 + 3 ⁄ 5 ′ (or 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 ′ on some German organs).