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The first step towards figuring out the cause of echinococcosis occurred during the 17th century when Francesco Redi illustrated that the hydatid cysts of echinococcosis were of "animal" origin. Then, in 1766, Pierre Simon Pallas predicted that these hydatid cysts found in infected humans were larval stages of tapeworms. [51] [52]
Echinococcus granulosus, also called the hydatid worm or dog tapeworm, is a cyclophyllid cestode that dwells in the small intestine of canids as an adult, but which has important intermediate hosts such as livestock and humans, where it causes cystic echinococcosis, also known as hydatid disease.
Human echinococcosis is an infectious disease caused by the following species: E. granulosus, E. multilocularis, E. vogeli [1] [2] or E. oligarthrus. [ 2 ] Echinococcus is triploblastic – it has three layers – outermost ectoderm , middle mesoderm , and inner endoderm .
Humans are at risk of becoming infected when eating under cooked meat containing hydatid cysts or coming into contact with infected dog feces. But, humans are not the regular hosts of E. vogeli , meaning that humans are the dead-end host; which does not allow transmission to the definitive host.
The Casoni test is a skin test used in the diagnosis of hydatid disease.The test involves the intradermal injection of 0.25 ml of sterilised fluid from hydatid cysts/human cyst and sterilised by Seitz filtration into one forearm, with an equal volume of saline injected into the other forearm.
Echinococcus multilocularis, the fox tapeworm, is a small cyclophyllid tapeworm found extensively in the northern hemisphere. E. multilocularis, along with other members of the Echinococcus genus (especially E. granulosus), produce diseases known as echinococcosis.
Woodruff, who has studied the effect of some chemicals found in plastics on human health, reproduction, and development for two decades, first started looking into microplastics in 2021.
Alveolar hydatid disease (AHD) is a form of echinococcosis, or a disease that originates from a parasitic flatworm. AHD is caused by an infection of the flatworm species Echinococcus multilocularis . [ 1 ]