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Red pencil urchin – Papahānaumokuākea. The Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM) (roughly / p ɑː p ɑː ˈ h ɑː n aʊ m oʊ k u ˌ ɑː k eɪ. ə / [2]) is a World Heritage listed U.S. national monument encompassing 583,000 square miles (1,510,000 km 2) of ocean waters, including ten islands and atolls of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.
The atoll has a total area of 1,949 km 2, of which 3.9 km 2 is land and 1,946 km 2 is water. Wake Island, an atoll in the North Pacific Ocean 2,298 mi (3,698 km) west of Honolulu, coordinates , about two-thirds of the way from Honolulu to Guam.
Johnston Atoll is a 1,300-hectare (3,200-acre) atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, located about 750 nautical miles (1,390 km; 860 mi) southwest of the island of Hawaiʻi, and is grouped as one of the United States Minor Outlying Islands. [11] The atoll, which is located on a coral reef platform, has four islands.
The atolls enclose deep lagoons. North Reef has two narrow openings in the north and northwest, with no islets. The reef has a total area of 100 km 2 (39 sq mi), including the lagoon and reef flat. Middle Reef has a total area of 300 km 2 (120 sq mi). A small islet is located near the center of the reef.
Each atoll covers an area of around 80 to 90 km 2 (31 to 35 sq mi) within the rim of the reef, including the lagoons, while the land areas are negligible. They belong to Western Australia. They all rise steeply from the surrounding ocean floor. To the northeast lie the Scott and Seringapatam Reefs which are located on the same undersea platform.
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The marine and bird sanctuary consists of two huge atolls (named the North Atoll and South Atoll) and the smaller Jessie Beazley Reef covering a total area of 97,030 hectares (239,800 acres; 374.6 sq mi). It is located 150 kilometres (93 mi) southeast of Puerto Princesa, the capital of Palawan. [2]
Both sides have reported coral reef damage from ships and fishing vessels operating at certain atolls. China's report said that from 2011 to 2024 coverage of reef-building corals at the Second ...