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Inflammation also is characterized by high systemic levels of acute-phase proteins. In acute inflammation, these proteins prove beneficial; however, in chronic inflammation, they can contribute to amyloidosis. [9] These proteins include C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, and serum amyloid P, which cause a range of systemic effects including: [9]
An immune response is a physiological reaction which occurs within an organism in the context of inflammation for the purpose of defending against exogenous factors. These include a wide variety of different toxins, viruses, intra- and extracellular bacteria, protozoa, helminths, and fungi which could cause serious problems to the health of the host organism if not cleared from the body.
Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection or irritation. Inflammation is stimulated by chemical factors released by injured cells. It establishes a physical barrier against the spread of infection and promotes healing of any damaged tissue following pathogen clearance. [5]
During the acute phase of inflammation, neutrophils migrate toward the site of inflammation in a process called chemotaxis and are usually the first cells to arrive at the scene of infection. Macrophages are versatile cells that reside within tissues and produce an array of chemicals including enzymes, complement proteins , and cytokines.
When immune cells attack the myelin sheath, this causes inflammation and interrupts the passage of nerve impulses around the body, leading to neurological symptoms which may include: Muscle ...
The terms acute-phase protein and acute-phase reactant (APR) are often used synonymously, although some APRs are (strictly speaking) polypeptides rather than proteins. In response to injury , local inflammatory cells ( neutrophil granulocytes and macrophages ) secrete a number of cytokines into the bloodstream, most notable of which are the ...
Membrane attack complex (Terminal complement complex C5b-9) A membrane attack complex attached to a pathogenic cell The membrane attack complex (MAC) or terminal complement complex (TCC) is a complex of proteins typically formed on the surface of pathogen cell membranes as a result of the activation of the host's complement system, and as such is an effector of the immune system.
The membrane attack complex creates a pore on the target cell's membrane, inducing cell lysis and death. [2] [3] The classical complement pathway can also be activated by apoptotic cells, necrotic cells, and acute phase proteins. [1] [3] [4]