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Map of Homeric Greece based on the Catalogue of Ships in the Iliad (right-click on map to enlarge). The locations mentioned in the narratives of Odysseus's adventures have long been debated. Events in the main sequence of the Odyssey take place in the Peloponnese and in what are now called the Ionian Islands (Ithaca and its neighbours).
Rivers are a fundamental part of the topography of the underworld and are found in the earliest source materials: [12] In Homer's Iliad, the "ghost" of Patroclus makes specific mention of gates and a river (unnamed) in Hades; [13] in Homer's Odyssey, the "ghost" of Odysseus's mother, Anticlea, describes there being many "great rivers and appalling streams", and reference is made to at least ...
Odysseus then encounters Achilles, who asks after the well-being of his father Peleus and his son Neoptolemus. Odysseus reassures Achilles of his son's bravery in fighting the Trojans. [15] Odysseus then begins seeing figures of dead souls who do not talk directly to him: Ajax, Minos, Orion, Tityos, Tantalus, and Sisyphus. [16]
Lampetië tells Helios that Odysseus's men have slain his cattle. In turn, Helios orders the gods to take vengeance on Odysseus's men. He threatens that if they do not pay him full atonement for the cattle, he will take the sun to the Underworld and shine it among the dead. Zeus promises Helios to smite their ship with a lightning bolt and ...
The gates of the Sun are typically identified as the gates of the underworld. They seem to have several parallels in Homeric texts; the souls ( psychae ) enter the underworld through the gates, the same ones as the sun when it sets, while Hades himself is described as pylartes ("the gate-closer"). [ 11 ]
Near the edges of the earth is a region inhabited by fantastical creatures, monsters, and quasi-human beings. [6] Once one reaches the ends of the earth they find it to be surrounded by and delimited by an ocean (), [7] [8] as is seen in the Babylonian Map of the World, although there is one main difference between the Babylonian and early Greek view: Oceanus is a river and so has an outer ...
The name of the land, inspired by the plant Asphodelus, appears in the literature as far back as Homer's Odyssey, where it features in Odysseus' survey of the underworld. Many ancient Greek poets and Homeric commentators understand the adjective asphodelòs to mean 'flowery', 'fragrant', or 'fertile'. [ 4 ]
On his voyage to the underworld, Odysseus follows instructions given to him by Circe, who is located at the edges of the world and is associated through imagery with the sun. [20] Like Odysseus, Gilgamesh gets directions on how to reach the land of the dead from a divine helper: the goddess Siduri , who, like Circe, dwells by the sea at the ...