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Taste buds are clusters of taste receptor cells, which are also known as gustatory cells. [1] The taste receptors are located around the small structures known as papillae found on the upper surface of the tongue , soft palate , upper esophagus , the cheek , and epiglottis .
The exception to this are the filiform papillae, which do not contain taste buds. There are between 2,000 and 5,000 [5] taste buds that are located on the back and front of the tongue. Others are located on the roof, sides and back of the mouth, and in the throat. Each taste bud contains 50 to 100 taste-receptor cells.
The misinterpreted diagram that sparked this myth shows human taste buds distributed in a "taste belt" along the inside of the tongue. Prior to this, A. Hoffmann had concluded in 1875 that the dorsal center of the human tongue has practically no fungiform papillae and taste buds, [12] and it was this finding that the diagram describes.
The diagram above depicts the signal transduction pathway of the sweet taste. Object A is a taste bud, object B is one taste cell of the taste bud, and object C is the neuron attached to the taste cell. I. Part I shows the reception of a molecule. 1. Sugar, the first messenger, binds to a protein receptor on the cell membrane. II.
The tongue is equipped with many taste buds on its dorsal surface, and each taste bud is equipped with taste receptor cells that can sense particular classes of tastes. Distinct types of taste receptor cells respectively detect substances that are sweet, bitter, salty, sour, spicy, or taste of umami. [15]
The exception to this is the filiform papillae that do not contain taste buds. There are between 2000 and 5000 [17] taste buds that are located on the back and front of the tongue. Others are located on the roof, sides and back of the mouth, and in the throat. Each taste bud contains 50 to 100 taste receptor cells.
A number of cranial nerves are involved in sensations in the mouth including trigeminal (V), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) nerves. The dorsum of the tongue is covered in specialised mucosa. This contains the presence of taste buds allowing taste, and it accounts for around 15% of oral mucosa. [15]
Taste cells synapse with primary sensory axons of three cranial nerves; the facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and the vagus nerve. These cranial nerves innervate the taste buds in the tongue, palate, epiglottis, and esophagus. The primary sensory neurons of these central axons are in the cranial nerve ganglia of each respective cranial nerve.