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Opioids can cross both the placental and blood-brain barriers, which poses risks to fetuses and newborns exposed to these drugs before birth. This exposure to opioids during pregnancy can lead to potential obstetric complications, including spontaneous abortion, abruption of the placenta, pre-eclampsia, prelabor rupture of membranes, and fetal death.
Opioid use is the main cause of neonatal abstinence syndrome, which is where the baby experiences withdrawals from the opioid they were exposed to during the pregnancy. Typical symptoms may include tremors, convulsions, twitching, excessive crying, poor feeding or sucking, slow weight gain, breathing problems, fever, diarrhea, and vomiting. [ 91 ]
There are pre- and post-natal exposure risk of neurobehavioral disorders. The exposure during pregnancy can alter the newborn infants' short and long term adverse effects. This can include low birth weight, reduced head circumference, cognitive deficits, emotional dysregulation, high impulsiveness, and higher risk to develop a substance ...
Maternal use of opioids has become prolific. The use of opioids during pregnancy creates a dependency in the newborn who experiences withdrawal symptoms shown in clinical signs of opioid withdrawal. These signs are grouped as the neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, also known more broadly as neonatal abstinence syndrome. [33]
Post-acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS) is a hypothesized set of persistent impairments that occur after withdrawal from alcohol, [1] [2] opiates, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and other substances. [3] [4] [5] Infants born to mothers who used substances of dependence during pregnancy may also experience a PAWS.
Opioids are a type of analgesia that is commonly used during childbirth to assist in pain relief. [19] They can be injected directly into the muscle in the form of a shot or put into an IV. These medications may cause unwanted side effects like drowsiness, itching, nausea, or vomiting to the laboring mother. [19]
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Hydroxyprogesterone caproate is generally well tolerated and produces few side effects. [1] Injection site reactions such as pain and swelling are the most common side effect of hydroxyprogesterone caproate. [1] The medication may increase the risk of gestational diabetes when used in pregnant women.
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